It is the asset which RBI hold. In most cases, those reserves are kept in the currency of advanced countries like US Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, or Pound Sterling. It is used to underpin the liability-and-reserve-system created by other financial institutions or government which banks have deposited with them in safekeeping. Purposes of Keeping Forex Reserves Why High Forex Reserves? Significance of Forex Reserves Components of Forex Reserves: Assets in Foreign Currencies: A significant part of the reserves raised foreign currency assets by $2.061 billion, up to $568.852 billion. These assets reflect the impacts of the appreciation or depreciation of all currencies except the US. Gold Reserves: Gold reserves fell by $595 million and now stand at $66.979 billion. Special Drawing Rights: SDR’s rose by $22 million, now at $18.007 billion. Reserve Position with IMF: The reserve position of India with International Monetary Fund increased by $22 million to stand at $4.254 billion.
Income Inequality & Gini Coefficient
What is Income Inequality Income inequality is the uneven distribution of income across a population. It’s a concern in many countries around the world, and it’s often accompanied by wealth inequality, which is the uneven distribution of wealth. Gini Coefficient The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1 or 100.
Editorial Analysis 14 December
Aims for Tax Justice India should have an ambitious tax justice plan in which the richest Indians are asked to return a portion of their wealth to fund public services like education and health. The productivity gap cannot be closed by making dismissing workers easier; it must come from such an ambitious plan. Ideal Income-Tax Slab for the Rich Opposition of Income Tax Statistics Impact on Inequality Due to AI Views of Chief Economic Advisor V Anantisha Nageswaran on Capital Taxation
Retail investors
Retail investors are individuals who buy and sell financial securities for personal financial goals, using their own money. They generally invest in smaller quantities, using brokerage accounts, mutual funds, or fintech platforms.
Institutional investors
Institutional investors are organizations that pool money to buy securities, real estate, and other assets, or to originate loans. They are large entities that manage large sums of money for their clients or members, and are often considered to be more knowledgeable than retail investors.
Draft: National Policy Framework on Agricultural Marketing
Context: The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has come up with a draft ‘National Policy Framework on Agricultural Marketing‘ to obtain public comments. Aim of the Policy: One aim of the policy is to liberalize the marketing restrictions while considering all interested parties, which include farmers and consumers. The draft policy calls for conducting trade in agricultural produce under a uniform barrier-free environment pan-India. Key Highlights: Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) in India
Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) in India
National Policy Framework on Agricultural Marketing by Faiz Ahmed Kidwai
It has been formulated by a committee under chairmanship of Faiz Ahmed Kidwai, which enables them to approach the solutions to a vibrant marketing ecosystem for farmers of all categories where they realize the price of their produce in a marketplace of their choice. Main Key Points of Draft: Constitute the Empowered Agricultural Marketing Reform Committee including State Ministers of Agriculture to bring consensus among the states on moving towards an integrated national market for agricultural produce through a single licensing/registration system and one fee. It might be chaired by the Minister of the Agriculture of any state on a rotational basis as is at present done for Empowered Committee on GST. Improve farmer-market linkages: Declare large sections of need-based warehouses/cold storages as sub-market yards; further develop & consolidate eNAM beyond APMC markets e.g., to sub-market yards.Reforms for APMCs: Induce APMCs towards revenues through notification of new fruits vegetables, policy outreach of food aggregation-processing activities etc. instead of exorbitantly charging market fee & other fee. Other:Value Chain Centric Infrastructure Boosting -with Incorporation AI, blockchain technologies et cetera with private sector collaborationImplementation of Price Insurance Scheme for Farmers Income to gain assured income to the farmers right at the time of sowing.Promote Ease of Doing AgriTrade by Digital automation of mandi processes; digital issuance of license/registration to traders, private market operators, etc. Agricultural marketing in IndiaAgricultural marketing is a State subject under Entry 28 of List-II (State List) of VII Schedule under Article 246 of the Constitution.Challenge: Fragmented and Inefficient Supply Chain, Market access, Poor Infrastructure, Complex Regulation etc.The grass-roots organization of the state has taken initiatives like – Formation & Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Produce Organizations, Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Gramin Agricultural Markets etc.
India’s Steel Ministry defines Green Steel
Know about: green steel policy
ISMA asked government for advanced biofuel policiesÂ
Context: The Indian Sugar and Bio-energy Manufacturers Association (ISMA) has urged the government to come out with advanced biofuel policies to take forward the current ethanol blending programme (EBP) beyond 2025. Key Highlights: The Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme is a government initiative to increase the amount of ethanol blended with petrol in India: What is Ethanol blending? What is ethanol? Also Read: India shortens down its tar
