July 2025 — exam-ready facts

Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Electoral Rolls in Bihar – 2025

• Section 21 of RP Act, 1950: Allows revision of electoral rolls.
• Section 16 of RP Act, 1950: Specifies disqualifications for registration.
• Section 23 & 24 of RP Act, 1950: Section 23: Verification of documents for eligibility Section 24: Appeal provision to District Magistrate and CEO
• Article 326 of the Constitution: Eligibility: Indian citizen, ≥18 years, not disqualified under any law, and ordinarily resident in the constituency.

NITI Aayog’s US Trade Proposal: A Risk to India’s Food Security?

• Vulnerability to Global Price Volatility The paper ignores risks of global grain price crashes (like in 2014–2016) and price spikes (2005–2008, 2010–11). Without tariffs, cheap US subsidised grains could flood Indian markets, discouraging local production.
• The paper ignores risks of global grain price crashes (like in 2014–2016) and price spikes (2005–2008, 2010–11).
• Critique: Historical lessons from the PL-480 era (1960s–70s) and GATT rounds show that prematurely locking low tariffs can lead to long-term vulnerabilities.
• The paper underestimates: India’s reliance on tariff flexibility to manage food price shocks. The fragility of rural incomes and the scale of agrarian employment (700+ million people).

QUAD Launches First-Ever 'QUAD at Sea Ship Observer Mission'

• Aligns with the QUAD Leaders’ Summit (September 2024) commitment to deeper maritime cooperation.
• Complements India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) pillars, especially: Capacity building Humanitarian assistance Maritime rule of law

RailOne App Launched by Railways

• Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) via R-Wallet with 3% discount
• The modernised Passenger Reservation System (PRS) is being upgraded to: Support multilingual, agile, and scalable operations Handle 1.5 lakh bookings per minute Manage 40 lakh enquiries per minute
• Handle 1.5 lakh bookings per minute
• Manage 40 lakh enquiries per minute

Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme

• Target: Creation of 3.5 crore jobs over two years (August 1, 2025 – July 31, 2027). Of these, 1.92 crore are projected to be first-time job entrants.
• The Union Cabinet has approved a major employment incentive scheme titled Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) with a total outlay of ₹99,446 crore, aimed at boosting job creation, especially in the manufacturing sector.
• Objective: Encourage formal job creation by providing financial incentives to employers and first-time employees.
• Of these, 1.92 crore are projected to be first-time job entrants.

India Celebrates 10 Years of Digital India Initiative

• Launched: 1st July 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
• Affordable Internet: Cheapest global mobile data (~₹10/GB)
• Tagline (2024): Digital India: Empowering Bharat, Enabling the World
• Universal Mobile Access

C-FLOOD: India’s Unified Flood Inundation Forecasting System

• Technology Used: Powered by 2D hydrodynamic modelling Simulations run on High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) Integrated with satellite-based outputs from NRSC under the National Hydrology Project (NHP)
• Union Jal Shakti Minister Shri C. R. Patil inaugurated C-FLOOD, a cutting-edge flood forecasting and dissemination system, on July 2, 2025, at Shram Shakti Bhawan, New Delhi. Developed collaboratively by C-DAC Pune, Central Water Commission (CWC), and NRSC, this initiative is a significant advancement in India's disaster resilience framework.
• What is C-FLOOD? A web-based Unified Inundation Forecasting System offering: 2-day advance flood forecasts Village-level flood inundation maps Water level predictions
• 2-day advance flood forecasts

Special Registration Scheme for Employers and Workers (SPREE)

• Objective: Promote voluntary registration of unregistered employers and employees, including contractual and temporary workers, under the ESI Act.
• The Employees’ State Insurance Corporation provides healthcare, insurance, and social protection to workers under the ESI Act, 1948, covering medical, maternity, disability, and unemployment benefits.
• Duration of the Scheme: July 1 to December 31, 2025
• The Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), during its 196th Corporation Meeting chaired by Union Labour & Employment Minister Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya in Shimla, approved SPREE 2025 (Scheme for Promotion of Registration of Employers and Employees). This initiative is aimed at expanding social security under the ESI Act, 1948.

National Sports Policy 2025

• Education Integration (NEP 2020) Sports in curriculum with trained PE staff Dual-career paths for student-athletes
• The Union Cabinet has approved the National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025, replacing the 2001 policy. It aims to transform India into a global sporting powerhouse and prepare the nation for the 2036 Olympics.
• Social Inclusion & Traditional Sports Tailored schemes for women, tribals, PwDs Revival of Indian games like Kho-Kho, Mallakhamb
• Revival of Indian games like Kho-Kho, Mallakhamb

IISc Launches BHARAT Study to Build India-Specific Biomarkers for Healthy Ageing

• By 2050, 20% of India’s population (approx. 319 million) will be 60+ (UNFPA India).
• Disease burden: Parkinson’s cases may rise 168%, and dementia by 200% (Lancet, 2024).
• Only 28% of the elderly receive formal pension support (NSSO 75th round).
• Less than 5% of Primary Health Centres have geriatric outpatient services (MoHFW).

NITI Aayog Report on Chemical Industry

• NITI Aayog has released a strategic roadmap titled “Chemical Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs)”. The report envisions India becoming a global chemical powerhouse with 12% GVC share and USD 1 trillion output by 2040.
• GVC Participation: Only 3.5% global share; trade deficit of USD 31 billion (2023).
• Employment Potential: 7 lakh skilled jobs possible by 2030.
• GDP Contribution: 7% of manufacturing GDP; supports pharma, textiles, agriculture, construction.

India's First Equine Disease-Free Compartment (EDFC) Recognised by WOAH

• Established under: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
• Trade Facilitation: Indian horses can now participate in international equestrian events and global trade, enhancing export potential.
• Boost to Sports: Opens new opportunities for Indian equestrian athletes and sport horses in global arenas.

India and Trinidad & Tobago Sign Key Agreements

• Education & Digital Transformation: Gift of 2,000 laptops to school students announced by PM Modi. Supports T&T PM Kamla Persad-Bissessar’s digitisation of education vision.
• Gift of 2,000 laptops to school students announced by PM Modi. Supports T&T PM Kamla Persad-Bissessar’s digitisation of education vision.
• Agricultural Partnership: India delivered $1 million worth of agro-machinery to NAMDEVCO. Additional support pledged for: Millet cultivation Seaweed-based fertilizers Promotion of natural farming techniques
• Sectoral Cooperation: Financial & Pharmaceutical Ties:The agreements will open doors for India’s financial services and pharma sectors to expand in the Caribbean region, positioning India as a key development partner.

Nipah Virus (NiV)

• Fatality Rate 40% to 75%, among the highest for zoonotic infections
• 40% to 75%, among the highest for zoonotic infections
• Incubation Period Typically 4 to 14 days, but can extend up to 45 days in some cases.
• Typically 4 to 14 days, but can extend up to 45 days in some cases.

Gini Index: World Bank Report

• Decline in Extreme Poverty: Dropped from 16.2% in 2011–12 to 2.3% in 2022–23 Indicates broad-based improvement in living standards across income groups.
• Dropped from 16.2% in 2011–12 to 2.3% in 2022–23
• The share of people living on less than $2.15/day dropped from 16.2% (2011–12) to just 2.3% in 2022–23.
• Under the revised World Bank threshold of $3/day, the extreme poverty rate for India is 5.3%.

India Launches Phenome India "National Biobank"

• Aims to tackle complex diseases such as: Diabetes Cardiovascular diseases Cancer Rare genetic disorders
• Modelled after UK Biobank, tailored to India’s diverse population.
• Will collect genomic, clinical, and lifestyle data from 10,000 individuals across India.
• Rare genetic disorders

India’s SDG-4 Education Progress Report 2025

• The National Indicator Framework (NIF) Progress Report 2025 was released on the occasion of the 19th National Statistics Day. It tracks India’s progress on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using 284 national indicators.
• Coverage: 284 indicators across 17 SDGs (down from 290 in 2024)
• Social Protection Coverage: Rose from 22% in 2016 to 64.3% in 2025.
• Senior Citizens Supported: Institutional assistance increased from 23,000 (2015) to 1.57 lakh (2023–24).

Digital Census 2027: India’s First Tech-Driven Population Survey

• The Registrar-General of India (RGI) has announced that the 2027 Census will be India’s first fully digital Census, leveraging mobile technology and self-enumeration portals to ensure faster data availability and improved accuracy.
• First Digital Census: For the first time, the Census will be conducted using technology to collect and transmit data electronically to the central server, enabling quicker compilation and processing.
• For the first time, the Census will be conducted using technology to collect and transmit data electronically to the central server, enabling quicker compilation and processing.
• Mobile App Usage: Enumerators will use a Mobile App (available on Android & iOS) to collect data in English, Hindi, and regional languages.

India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

• India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) stands at 93 per 1 lakh live births (SRS 2019–21), showing notable improvement. However, regional disparities and healthcare system gaps persist, especially in Empowered Action Group (EAG) states.
• Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Only 2,856 out of 5,491 Community Health Centres (CHCs) function as First Referral Units (FRUs). 66% shortage of specialists in public health facilities.
• Only 2,856 out of 5,491 Community Health Centres (CHCs) function as First Referral Units (FRUs).
• 66% shortage of specialists in public health facilities.

National Overseas Scholarship (NOS)

• The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has withheld provisional award letters for 66 out of 106 selected candidates under the National Overseas Scholarship (NOS) scheme for FY26, citing shortage of funds.
• Objective: To support students from marginalised and economically weaker sections in pursuing Master’s and Ph.D. programs abroad, enhancing their social and economic mobility.
• Total Annual Slots: 125 115 for SCs 6 for Denotified Tribes 4 for Agricultural Labourers/Artisans
• 4 for Agricultural Labourers/Artisans

Northeast District SDG Index 2023–24: NITI Aayog

• Front Runner Districts (SDG Score 65–99): 2021–22: 62% of NE districts 2023–24: 85% of NE districts
• 2021–22: 62% of NE districts
• 2023–24: 85% of NE districts
• Edition: Second (first released in August 2021)

Great Hornbill

• Legal Protection: Covered under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, ensuring maximum protection.

Cabinet Approved Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme

• India’s GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) was ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2021 (only 0.64% of GDP)
• Economic Survey 2024–25 highlighted this as insufficient compared to global peers
• The Union Cabinet has cleared the Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme with a corpus of ₹1 lakh crore, aiming to transform India’s research and innovation ecosystem, especially in sectors of economic and strategic importance.
• Corpus: ₹1 lakh crore via 50-year interest-free loan to ANRF

Nutritional Intake in India Report

• Main Sources of Protein (2023–24): Cereals remain the largest source: ~47% in rural and ~39% in urban areas. The share of cereals in protein intake has declined steadily since 2009–10, offset by increases in eggs, fish, meat, and milk products.
• Cereals remain the largest source: ~47% in rural and ~39% in urban areas.
• The National Statistical Office (NSO) has published its latest report on India’s nutritional intake, derived from data collected in the Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (HCES) for the periods August 2022–July 2023 and August 2023–July 2024.
• Average Calorie Intake (per capita per day): Rural India: 2233 Kcal (2022–23) → 2212 Kcal (2023–24) Urban India: 2250 Kcal → 2240 Kcal

FATF 2025 Report Flags Digital Tools as Key Enablers in Terror Financing

• Key Highlights from FATF 2025 Report:
• Inadequate oversight in jurisdictions with lax AML/CTF frameworks.
• Crypto Oversight: Enforce disclosure, monitoring, and suspicious transaction reporting by crypto exchanges.

Starlink Receives IN-SPACe Approval to Operate in India

• Its primary role is to facilitate and regulate the participation of non-governmental entities (NGEs) in the space sector, acting as a bridge between private players and ISRO. 
• Enables broadband coverage in remote and underserved areas lacking mobile infrastructure.
• Particularly beneficial for geographies underserved by fiber or mobile networks.

National Population Register (NPR)

• First Collected: In 2010, updated in 2015 through a door-to-door survey.
• Introduced under: Citizenship Act, 1955
• The Government of India has initiated preparatory discussions for Census 2027, but no final decision has been taken yet on updating the National Population Register (NPR) during this exercise, according to senior Home Ministry officials.
• Rules: Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003

Petroleum & Natural Gas Rules, 2025

• Legal Modernisation: The new rules will replace the Petroleum Concession Rules (1949) and Petroleum & Natural Gas Rules (1959), aligning them with the amended Oilfields Act, 1948.
• The new rules will replace the Petroleum Concession Rules (1949) and Petroleum & Natural Gas Rules (1959), aligning them with the amended Oilfields Act, 1948.
• Stabilisation Clause: License holders will be protected from future increases in taxes or royalties. They can claim compensation or deductions in case of policy changes affecting their financial terms.
• License holders will be protected from future increases in taxes or royalties. They can claim compensation or deductions in case of policy changes affecting their financial terms.

TALASH Initiative

• Phased National Rollout Targets 1.38 lakh+ tribal students across 28 States and 8 UTs. Full coverage expected by end of 2025. Initiated through city-level pilots for seamless adoption.
• Teacher Training Portal 189 EMRS teachers across 75 schools already trained. Supports peer-led mentoring and capacity-building across tribal regions.
• 189 EMRS teachers across 75 schools already trained.
• Targets 1.38 lakh+ tribal students across 28 States and 8 UTs.

Aadi KARMAYOGI Mission Launched

• In a historic stride towards Viksit Bharat @2047, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the first Regional Process Lab (RPL) of the Aadi KARMAYOGI – National Mission for Responsive Governance in Bengaluru, Karnataka. This flagship initiative aims to build a cadre of 20 lakh tribal grassroots functionaries, empowering them as agents of inclusive, last-mile governance in tribal areas across India.
• Build a dynamic cadre of tribal changemakers and governance facilitators.

Global Gender Gap Report 2025 by World Economic Forum (WEF)

• Demographic and Fiscal Strain With rising elderly population (20% by 2050) and falling fertility, low FLFP increases the dependency ratio, threatening fiscal sustainability
• With rising elderly population (20% by 2050) and falling fertility, low FLFP increases the dependency ratio, threatening fiscal sustainability
• Report Published By: World Economic Forum (WEF)India’s Rank: 131 out of 148 countriesGlobal Gender Gap Closed: 68.8% (123 years to full parity at current pace)
• Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP): Below 25%

MeitY Launches Whitepaper on Quantum Cyber Readiness

• Released by: Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), CERT-In, and SISATitle: Transitioning to Quantum Cyber ReadinessPurpose: To guide India’s public and private institutions in adapting to quantum-resilient cybersecurity frameworks.
• Warns that quantum computing could render existing cryptographic algorithms obsolete, especially RSA and ECC.
• Urges immediate planning to counter “harvest now, decrypt later” attacks, where encrypted data is collected today for decryption when quantum computers become viable.
• Offers tailored frameworks for high-impact sectors: Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI) Healthcare Defence Critical Infrastructure

India’s 44th World Heritage Site

• UNESCO Committee Membership: 2021–2025
• Total Sites (as of July 2025): 44 Cultural: 36 Natural: 7 Mixed: 1
• A network of 12 strategically located forts built between the 17th and 19th centuries CE.
• These forts show adaptive use of diverse terrains, highlighting self-reliant defence planning.

Sanchar Mitra Scheme

• Specialized Training: Volunteers trained by National Communications Academy–Technology (NCA-T) and DoT Media Wing Modules include 5G, 6G, AI, cybersecurity, and EMF radiation safety
• Modules include 5G, 6G, AI, cybersecurity, and EMF radiation safety
• Launched by: Ministry of Communications, Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
• Empower youth to become telecom ambassadors in their communities

Assam Initiates Genetic Analysis of Rhino Horns for RhoDIS

• The Assam Forest Department, in collaboration with the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), has begun DNA analysis of 2,573 rhino horn samples retained before their destruction in 2021.
• Structure: Solid and layered, unlike antlers (which are bony and shed annually). Contains melanin and calcium to enhance UV resistance and toughness.
• Solid and layered, unlike antlers (which are bony and shed annually).

PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024

• Leadership development: As per UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring Report 2024-25, standardise principal training, promote gender-inclusive hiring, and ensure clearly defined school leadership roles.
• As per UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring Report 2024-25, standardise principal training, promote gender-inclusive hiring, and ensure clearly defined school leadership roles.
• Literacy Gaps: 43% of Class 6 students are unable to grasp the main idea of a text.
• 43% of Class 6 students are unable to grasp the main idea of a text.

India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)

• Helps India meet its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) — aim to reduce emission intensity by 45% by 2030.
• Established in 2002, key body implementing carbon market and energy efficiency norms.
• Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Global mission to promote sustainable living. Goal: Mobilize 1 billion people by 2028 for pro-planet actions.
• Compliance Weakness: Under PAT, over 50% of certificates went untraded; no penalties enforced.

Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Amendment Bill

• The current SEZ law, enacted in 2005, has not met expectations in attracting investment in manufacturing.
• 2. Introduction of Reverse Job Work
• Expected Impact: Brings parity between services and manufacturing sectors within SEZs, promotes greater domestic service demand.
• However, over the years, the model has seen limited success in attracting major manufacturing investments.

Kaziranga National Park

• Location & Ranges: Situated in Assam with 5 administrative ranges, KNP is a critical biodiversity hotspot on the edge of the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity zone. Established in 1 June 1905.
• Established in 1 June 1905.
• Vulnerable (6 species): Black-breasted parrotbill Marsh babbler Swamp francolin Jerdon’s babbler Slender-billed babbler Bristled grassbird
• Situated in Assam with 5 administrative ranges, KNP is a critical biodiversity hotspot on the edge of the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity zone.

National Mobile Monitoring System (NMMS) in MGNREGS

• The National Mobile Monitoring System (NMMS) is a mobile application developed by the Ministry of Rural Development to monitor attendance of workers under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Mahatma Gandhi NREGS).
• Introduced to ensure real-time, geo-tagged attendance of MGNREGS workers.
• Aims to improve transparency and curb fake attendance or ghost beneficiaries.
• MGNREGA was launched in the year 2005 as one of the largest work guaranteed program by the Ministry of Rural Government. The basic objective of MGNREGA was providing 100 days guaranteed employment in every financial year to any rural or adult people who are willing to do public work – related which is unskilled manual work.

Crop Seeds on ISS Project

• Objective: To study the impact of microgravity on the growth and yield of selected Indian crop varieties.
• Collaborating Institutions: Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) – Provided the seeds ISRO, European Space Agency (ESA) ISRO Human Spaceflight Centre (HSFC)
• Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) – Provided the seeds
• Kanakamani – Horse gram

Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra (PMDK)

• The Union Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has inaugurated the 75th Pradhan Mantri Divyasha Kendra (PMDK) at Government Medical College, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh, reinforcing the Government of India’s commitment to inclusive development and empowerment of Divyangjan (persons with disabilities) and senior citizens.
• Objective: Provide assistive devices to enhance mobility, dignity, and independence of Divyangjan and senior citizens. Support economic empowerment through vocational training.
• Implementing Agency: ALIMCO, a Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) under the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.
• ALIMCO, a Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) under the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.

India Ranked 26th in Global Internet Speed Gap: Ookla Report

• India’s 5G user base reached 326 million as of March 2025, accounting for 28% of total wireless subscribers.
• 57% of telecom towers in India now support 5G, according to EY.
• ₹1.4 lakh crore invested by Indian telecom operators in 5G between FY23–FY25.
• China: 8th with 207.98 Mbps median speed

Yakten Becomes India’s First Digital Nomad Village Under ‘Nomad Sikkim’ Initiative

• Launched through a collaboration between the Pakyong district administration and NGO Sarvahitey, the initiative seeks to attract remote workers—domestic and international—to Sikkim’s scenic but under-utilised villages.
• Digital Infrastructure Readiness: Two dedicated internet lines and full village-wide Wi-Fi installed. Backup electricity provided via inverters. Plans underway to resolve water scarcity under the Jal Jeevan Mission.
• ‘Nomad Sikkim’ Initiative: Launched through a collaboration between the Pakyong district administration and NGO Sarvahitey, the initiative seeks to attract remote workers—domestic and international—to Sikkim’s scenic but under-utilised villages.
• Chief Minister Prem Singh Tamang raised concerns about seasonal income challenges faced by homestay operators, especially during the six-month off-season . Yakten was selected as a pilot site to create year-round economic activity through digital tourism.

Second GE-F404 Engine for LCA Mk-1A Fighter Jets

• The GE-F404 is a twin-spool, low-bypass turbofan engine known for reliability and high thrust-to-weight ratio.
• The LCA Mk-1A, an upgraded variant of the Tejas fighter, features: Improved avionics Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar Electronic warfare (EW) systems Mid-air refuelling and reduced maintenance needs

NSO Launches “Statathon – A Data Journey Towards Viksit Bharat”

• Organised under MoSPI’s Data Innovation Lab (DI Lab) initiative, this national-level competition commemorates 75 years of the National Sample Survey (NSS).

Union Government Launches ADEETIE Scheme to Boost Industrial Energy Efficiency

• Total Outlay: ₹1,000 crore
• Break-up: ₹875 crore for interest subvention ₹50 crore for investment-grade energy audits ₹75 crore for technical handholding & capacity building
• ₹875 crore for interest subvention
• ₹50 crore for investment-grade energy audits

India Celebrates 10 Years of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)

• India marks a decade of the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) — the government’s flagship skill development initiative — having trained over 1.63 crore youth in industry-relevant skills since its inception in 2015 under the Skill India Mission.
• Launched By: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)
• First Launched: 2015
• Sectors Covered: Over 30 sectors including retail, healthcare, construction, electronics

Delhi to Develop India’s First Net-Zero E-Waste Eco Park

• Annual Generation: Over 1.6 million metric tonnes, growing at 23% per year.
• Objective: Develop a clean, zero-emission, and zero-landfill e-waste recycling facility.
• India’s Ranking: 3rd-largest e-waste generator globally.

UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Report 2025

• 713–757 million people affected by hunger (9.1% of global population in 2023)
• Youth unemployment (2024): 12.9%, nearly 3× adult rate (3.7%)
• Climate Crisis: 2024 was the hottest year on record WMO: 80% likelihood of continued temperature rise threatening food, water, and health security
• Extreme Poverty: Over 800 million remain in extreme poverty SDG 1 off-track: Projected 8.9% may still live in poverty by 2030

Gujarat Launches India’s First Tribal Genome Sequencing Project

• Identify Genetic Risk Markers for: Sickle cell anaemia Thalassemia Hereditary cancers
• Hereditary cancers
• Enable Personalised Healthcare by: Designing medical interventions specific to tribal genetic profiles. Developing genomic diagnostic tools.
• Diversity in Sampling: Ensures inclusion of major tribal groups like Bhils, Warlis, Rathwas, and Siddis.

Swachh Survekshan 2024–25

• President Droupadi Murmu conferred the Swachh Survekshan 2024–25 awards at a national felicitation event organized by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
• Cleanest Big Cities (Population 10 lakh+)
• 3–10 Lakh Population Category
• New Initiatives in 2024–25

Akash Prime Missile System

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

• Revised Form CSR-1 Issued: Effective from 14 July 2025, a new version of Form CSR-1 mandates enhanced disclosures from trusts, societies, and Section 8 companies seeking to implement CSR projects on behalf of corporates.
• Effective from 14 July 2025, a new version of Form CSR-1 mandates enhanced disclosures from trusts, societies, and Section 8 companies seeking to implement CSR projects on behalf of corporates.
• Objective: Prevent bogus or shell entities from accessing CSR funds. Ensure alignment with Income Tax Act provisions, particularly Sections 12A, 80G, and 10(23C). Enhance transparency and accountability in the CSR ecosystem.
• Expanded Eligibility: Earlier, only institutions registered under Section 12A of the IT Act were eligible. Now includes universities and hospitals qualifying for exemptions under Section 10(23C), broadening the CSR implementing agency base.

Long-Billed Bush Warbler

• A team of seasoned birders has successfully rediscovered the long-billed bush warbler (Locustella major) in the Suru Valley of Ladakh — a species not confirmed in the region since 1979.
• Population History: Was common in Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan in the 1930s; sightings became rare due to sparse expeditions and habitat changes.
• Was common in Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan in the 1930s; sightings became rare due to sparse expeditions and habitat changes.
• Habitat Update: For the first time, the warbler was seen perching on a willow tree in terraced fields among rumex and gooseberry shrubs.

INS Nistar Commissioned

• In a significant boost to India’s maritime operational capabilities and self-reliance in defense manufacturing, the Indian Navy commissioned INS Nistar, the country's first indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Vessel (DSV), on July 19, 2025, in Visakhapatnam.
• First of Its Kind: INS Nistar is the first of two DSVs being built by Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. (HSL), under India’s “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.
• INS Nistar is the first of two DSVs being built by Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. (HSL), under India’s “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.
• Dimensions and Design: The vessel is 118 metres long and equipped to carry out saturation diving and deep-sea rescue operations, capabilities available only to a select few navies globally.

NSCSTI 2.0 Launched Under Mission Karmayogi

• Formulated through extensive consultations with over 160 CSTIs, domain experts, and assessors.
• Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launched the National Standards for Civil Service Training Institutes (NSCSTI) 2.0 on July 20, 2025, at the Civil Services Officers Institute (CSOI), New Delhi. The revised framework, developed by the Capacity Building Commission (CBC), aims to build a future-ready and citizen-centric civil service in alignment with Mission Karmayogi.
• The number of evaluation metrics has been reduced from 59 to 43, enabling clarity and outcome-focused assessment.
• Removes barriers between public and private sectors to incorporate best practices from all domains.

AdFalciVax – India’s First Indigenous Two-Stage Malaria Vaccine

• Contribute to India’s Malaria Elimination Roadmap (2030).

NISAR Satellite Launch

• The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite, the first joint Earth observation mission between the United States and India, is set to be launched on July 30, 2025, at 5:40 p.m. IST from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, aboard GSLV-F16.

Female Labour Force Participation Paradox in India

• Urban female literacy: 84.9%, but urban FLFPR is just 28%
• Rural literacy–employment gap: ~22%
• Urban literacy–employment gap: ~57%
• National female literacy rate: 74.6%, yet employment gap is 33 percentage points

Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar Resigns Mid-Term

• Term: 5 years.
• Tenure: Took office in August 2022, resigned mid-term in July 2025.
• Article 63: Provides for the office of the Vice President.
• Article 64: Vice President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

SASCI Scheme

• The Ministry of Tourism has released operational guidelines for the SASCI scheme to promote world-class development of select Indian tourist destinations by 2026.
• Launched By: Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
• Target Year: 2026
• Full Form: Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment – Development of Iconic Tourist Centres to Global Scale

Meri Panchayat App

• India’s “Meri Panchayat” app has received the WSIS Prizes 2025 Champion Award in the category of Cultural and Linguistic Diversity at the WSIS+20 High-Level Event in Geneva, highlighting India’s innovation in rural e-governance.
• Award: WSIS Champion Award 2025
• Category: Cultural Diversity and Local Content
• Event: WSIS+20 High-Level Event (organized by ITU, UNESCO, UNDP, UNCTAD)

Safety Failures in Sewer Deaths Across India

• NAMASTE Scheme launched in July 2023 to rehabilitate and support sanitation workers. 84,902 workers identified so far under NAMASTE. Just over 50% have received PPE kits and safety gear.
• A social audit commissioned by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has exposed gross negligence in the safety protocols followed during hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in India. The findings were tabled in Parliament in July 2025.
• 49 of 54 workers had no safety equipment at the time of death.
• 38 workers were hired informally (individually/contractually).

World Bank Report Warns of Climate Risks to Indian Cities

• Cities are projected to contribute 70% of new jobs by 2030, highlighting their central role in India's economic trajectory.
• Infrastructure Opportunity Over 50% of urban infrastructure needed by 2050 is yet to be built, offering a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to integrate climate resilience from the ground up.
• Over 50% of urban infrastructure needed by 2050 is yet to be built, offering a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to integrate climate resilience from the ground up.
• Urbanisation and Economic Potential Urban population to nearly double: From current levels to 951 million by 2050. Cities are projected to contribute 70% of new jobs by 2030, highlighting their central role in India's economic trajectory. Over 144 million new homes will be required by 2070 to accommodate this population growth.

Cloud Seeding Research in India: CAIPEEX by IITM

• Under Mission Mausam (Weather_MoD vertical), IITM is: Developing a 16m tall cloud chamber. Collaborating with industries/startups to develop seeding aircraft, drones, seeding materials, and dispensers.
• Developing a 16m tall cloud chamber.
• Collaborating with industries/startups to develop seeding aircraft, drones, seeding materials, and dispensers.
• Rainfall suppression (via overseeding).

Google Unveils AI Initiatives in India at Google I/O Connect 2025

• Economic Impact of Android Ecosystem: Google revealed that its Play Store and Android platforms contributed ₹4 trillion to the Indian economy in 2024.
• Google revealed that its Play Store and Android platforms contributed ₹4 trillion to the Indian economy in 2024.
• Launched a training program in partnership with Unity, aimed at fostering AI talent in the gaming and creative industries.
• Google announced partnerships with three startups backed by India’s National AI Mission, supporting the Make-in-India vision.

National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill

• Background: The original National Anti-Doping Act, 2022, had faced objections from WADA due to government interference, particularly via the National Board for Anti-Doping in Sports. WADA had raised concerns over the lack of functional autonomy for NADA.
• The original National Anti-Doping Act, 2022, had faced objections from WADA due to government interference, particularly via the National Board for Anti-Doping in Sports.
• Objective of the Amendment: To provide greater operational independence to the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA), a key concern raised by WADA. To make India's anti-doping regime compliant with international standards and avoid suspension or non-recognition.
• This change aims to separate adjudicatory powers from executive functions, in line with WADA's requirements.

Swachh Survekshan 2024–25

• Assessment across 10 parameters, including: Waste segregation & collection Transportation & treatment Sanitation worker welfare Citizen grievance redressal
• Scale & Participation: Over 4,500 cities participated (compared to fewer than 100 in 2016). Survey backed by third-party verification and feedback from 140 million urban residents. Assessment across 10 parameters, including: Waste segregation & collection Transportation & treatment Sanitation worker welfare Citizen grievance redressal
• Over 4,500 cities participated (compared to fewer than 100 in 2016).
• The ninth edition of Swachh Survekshan (2024–25), touted as the world’s largest cleanliness survey, has emerged not just as a city-ranking competition but as a comprehensive audit of India’s urban sanitation ecosystem. It offers valuable insights into progress, gaps, and best practices in waste management, segregation, infrastructure, and sanitation worker welfare.

Human Rated Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (HLVM3)

• S200 solid boosters (2 units): First-stage lift-off power.
• In a major milestone for India’s human spaceflight program, the Union Minister informed Parliament that the Human Rated Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (HLVM3) has completed its development and ground testing. This achievement advances the timeline for Gaganyaan, India’s first crewed space mission, and sets the stage for future ambitions like the Bharatiya Antariksha Station (by 2035) and an Indian Moon Landing (by 2040).
• L110 liquid core stage: Main propulsion.
• C25 cryogenic upper stage: Final orbital insertion.

eShram Portal

• The Ministry of Labour and Employment launched the eShram portal on 26th August 2021 to create a National Database of Unorganised Workers (NDUW) seeded with Aadhaar. The portal aims to offer unorganised workers a Universal Account Number (UAN) and facilitate access to welfare schemes through a unified digital platform.
• Enable direct benefit transfers and scheme access for social security.
• Aligned with Budget 2024–25 vision.
• Workers can view scheme eligibility, track benefits availed, and receive consolidated service delivery through the same portal.

India–UK CETA and Vision 2035

• Grants zero-duty access on 99% tariff lines for Indian exports.
• Aims to empower labour-intensive sectors, MSMEs, professionals, women entrepreneurs, and youth.
• Zero-duty access on 99% of tariff lines, covering 100% of India’s export value to the U.K.
• Major beneficiaries: textiles, gems & jewellery, leather, marine products, processed food (tariffs cut from 70% to 0%).

Scheme for Promotion of Culture of Science (SPoCS)

• These centres have collectively recorded a cumulative footfall of over 15 lakh visitors in FY 2024–25.
• Category-III Science Centres/Digital Planetariums are set up in areas with populations under 5 lakh.
• 27 Science Centres have been established under SPoCS across India.

UAV-Launched Precision Guided Missile (ULPGM)-V3

• ULPGM-V3 / ULM-ER – Extended-range, advanced version with improved seeker and targeting systems
• Partners: Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL), Adani Defence, MSMEs, and Indian start-ups under Make in India
• Objective: Enable high-precision autonomous drone strikes, reducing dependency on manned combat aircraft.
• ULPGM-V1 – Baseline prototype

Standing Committee Flags Delay in SVAMITVA Scheme Implementation

• Launched in April 2020 by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
• 30,000 villages across States and Union Territories are yet to be surveyed, as per the Committee's findings.
• This backlog poses a challenge to achieving the target of full national coverage by 2025.
• Aims to provide record of rights to rural households by:

India-Maldives Relations

• Debt Relief India agreed to reduce the Maldives’ annual repayment burden by 40%, offering crucial fiscal breathing space.
• India agreed to reduce the Maldives’ annual repayment burden by 40%, offering crucial fiscal breathing space.
• ₹4,850 Crore Line of Credit Earmarked for infrastructure development in sync with Maldivian priorities such as ports, housing, and connectivity.
• During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s official visit to the Maldives in July 2025, 8 pivotal bilateral agreements were signed, underscoring India’s commitment to its Neighbourhood First and SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policies. The visit aimed to reset relations following past tensions and reaffirm India's role as a trusted development and security partner.

Draft National Telecom Policy (NTP) 2025

• 100% 4G and 90% 5G coverage by 2030.
• Target: 50% substitution of telecom imports with domestic manufacturing.
• Goal: Capture 10% of global 6G-related IPRs.
• Tower fiberization from 46% to 80%.

PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY)

• Scheme Launch: 1 August 2025
• Total Outlay: ₹99,446 crore
• Target: Over 3.5 crore new jobs, including 1.92 crore first-time workers
• Eligibility: New EPFO-registered workers with monthly wages up to ₹1 lakh

ISRO-NASA NISAR Mission

• Spatial resolution: 3–10 meters; vertical accuracy in centimetres.
• The first dual-frequency SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite, combining: L-band SAR (1.257 GHz) by NASA – better for ground deformation, forests, and subsurface imaging. S-band SAR (3.2 GHz) by ISRO – sensitive to vegetation, moisture, crops, and surface texture.
• L-band SAR (1.257 GHz) by NASA – better for ground deformation, forests, and subsurface imaging.
• S-band SAR (3.2 GHz) by ISRO – sensitive to vegetation, moisture, crops, and surface texture.

Sohrai Art of Jharkhand

• At Kala Utsav 2025, held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, the tribal Sohrai Art from Jharkhand was prominently showcased. President Droupadi Murmu lauded it as reflecting “the soul of India,” celebrating its deep-rooted cultural, spiritual, and ecological essence.

Exercise Bold Kurukshetra 2025

Great Indian Bustard (GIB)

• The Supreme Court-appointed expert committee on Great Indian Bustard (GIB) protection has recommended designated “power corridors” for overhead transmission lines in Gujarat and Rajasthan, balancing renewable energy expansion with critical conservation needs.
• Natural Habitat: Prefers arid and semi-arid grasslands, open scrub, and desert regions.
• Prefers arid and semi-arid grasslands, open scrub, and desert regions.
• Habitat Destruction: Conversion of grasslands into agricultural and industrial zones.

PM Pays Tribute to Rajendra Chola I

• Ruled: 9th to 13th century CE
• Overseas presence: Sri Lanka, Maldives, Malaysia, Indonesia
• Strengthened India’s first blue-water navy
• Founded Gangaikonda Cholapuram as a new imperial capital

India’s Tiger Conservation Status

• Launched in 1973 in 9 reserves spanning 14,000 sq km.
• Today, it covers 58 tiger reserves across 84,487 sq km in 18 states, roughly 2.5% of India’s area.
• ~35% of tiger reserves need urgent protection, including: Habitat restoration Prey base replenishment Reintroduction of tigers
• Tiger population grew from 1,411 (2006) to 3,682 (2022).

Special Public Security Bill

• Background: First introduced in the 2024 monsoon session under the previous Mahayuti government.
• First introduced in the 2024 monsoon session under the previous Mahayuti government.
• The Maharashtra Legislature recently passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024, aimed at curbing the activities of Left-Wing Extremist (LWE) organisations and their alleged urban fronts. The Bill has sparked controversy over its potential for misuse, ambiguity, and its implications for civil liberties.
• Purpose of the Bill: To prevent unlawful activities by "urban Naxal" organisations and their frontal networks in cities. The State claims that over 60 such organisations operate in Maharashtra, aiding Maoist activities.

National Mission on Cultural Mapping & Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD Portal

• Launched: June 2023 as part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav
• Target: Mapping 6.5 lakh villages across India
• Current Status: Cultural data for 4.7 lakh villages uploaded In West Bengal: Target: 41,116 villages Mapped so far: 5,917 villages Remaining: 35,199 under documentation
• Cultural data for 4.7 lakh villages uploaded

State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2025 Report

• Chronic Hunger: In 2024, 8.2% of the global population—about 720 million people—were chronically hungry. Hunger levels remain above pre-pandemic benchmarks.
• In 2024, 8.2% of the global population—about 720 million people—were chronically hungry. Hunger levels remain above pre-pandemic benchmarks.
• Climate and Conflict Impact: War, drought, floods, and other climate shocks have become key drivers of food insecurity since 2020.
• War, drought, floods, and other climate shocks have become key drivers of food insecurity since 2020.

Pralay Quasi-Ballistic Missile

• Collaborating DRDO Labs: Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) Industry partners: Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL), Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL)
• Industry partners: Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL), Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL)
• Range: Up to 500 km
• Warhead Capacity: Up to 1000 kg (unitary or cluster munitions)

India’s Gini Index Score

• Wealth Inequality: In 2022–23, the top 1% held 22.6% of national income, according to the study "Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922–2023." The absence of comprehensive wealth data further masks the extent of inequality.
• In 2022–23, the top 1% held 22.6% of national income, according to the study "Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922–2023."
• Gender Inequality: Women account for only 35.9% of the workforce. At senior and middle management levels, representation drops to 12.7%. Only 7.5% of startups are run by women, despite India having the world’s 3rd largest startup ecosystem.
• Women account for only 35.9% of the workforce.

Kaziranga National Park

• Kaziranga's Tiger Population (2024):Total: 148 tigers over 1,307.49 sq. km Up from 104 in 2022 Includes 27 tigers from newly surveyed Biswanath Division
• Established: 1905 on recommendation of Mary Curzon
• Definition: Tiger density measures the number of tigers per 100 sq. km, serving as a key ecological indicator of habitat health and predator-prey balance.
• Includes 27 tigers from newly surveyed Biswanath Division

New Harappan Site Unearthed in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert

• The site belongs to the Mature Harappan period (2600–1900 BCE).
• The site lies 60 km from Ramgarh tehsil and 17 km from Pakistan’s Sadewala, connecting previously known Harappan locations in northern Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Red ware pottery including bowls, pots, and perforated jars.
• The discovery helps bridge the archaeological divide between the Harappan settlements of northern Rajasthan (like Kalibangan and Pilibanga) and Gujarat, enriching our understanding of IVC’s spread and adaptability in harsh desert environments.

U.S. Announces 25% Tariff on Indian Imports

• Linked to Russia Sanctions Act 2025: The proposed law allows up to 500% tariffs on countries continuing energy trade with Russia.
• On July 30, 2025, the U.S. President announced a 25% tariff on Indian imports effective August 1, 2025, citing high trade barriers and India’s continued energy and defence relations with Russia. The measure is linked to the proposed Russia Sanctions Act 2025.
• Tariff Revival: Reinstates and amplifies a previously suspended 26% tariff (April 2025) in a harsher form.
• Reinstates and amplifies a previously suspended 26% tariff (April 2025) in a harsher form.

Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project on Chenab River

• About the Project: Name: Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project Location: Ramban district, Jammu & Kashmir Type: Run-of-river hydroelectric project Capacity: 1,856 MW Estimated Cost: ₹22,705 crore Executing Agency: NHPC
• Estimated Cost: ₹22,705 crore
• Attempts to revive in 1996 with a Norwegian consortium failed.
• Capacity: 1,856 MW

India Launches NASA–ISRO NISAR Satellite

• Mission Duration: 5 years (2025–2030)
• Launch Vehicle: GSLV-F16 (first GSLV mission into polar orbit)
• India successfully launched the NASA–ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, on July 31, 2025, aboard the GSLV-F16 rocket. This marks the first collaborative Earth observation mission between ISRO and NASA and a major step in global climate and disaster monitoring.
• Full Form: NASA–ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar

India-UAE Deepen Defence and Maritime Cooperation

• In April 2025, India offered a range of defence equipment to UAE, including: Akash surface-to-air missile systems Helicopters and drones Subsonic cruise missiles
• Recent Defence Sales Offer: In April 2025, India offered a range of defence equipment to UAE, including: Akash surface-to-air missile systems Helicopters and drones Subsonic cruise missiles Offer was made during the meeting between Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and Dubai Crown Prince Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.
• India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have agreed to strengthen their bilateral defence partnership, especially in maritime security, during the 13th Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) meeting held on Wednesday. The decision marks a significant step forward in aligning defence cooperation with the growing strategic and economic relationship between the two nations.
• Military training cooperation to be intensified, with India offering customised training courses for the UAE armed forces.

Sanchar Mitra Scheme Launched to Promote Digital Awareness and Telecom Security

• Target Group: Open to students from technical institutes offering programs in telecom, electronics, computer science, cybersecurity, or related fields. Institutes must be registered and actively participating in the scheme.
• Open to students from technical institutes offering programs in telecom, electronics, computer science, cybersecurity, or related fields. Institutes must be registered and actively participating in the scheme.
• Objective:To create a nationwide network of trained Sanchar Mitras who will: Conduct community awareness drives on telecom services and digital safety. Educate the public on mobile security, prevention of telecom frauds, and responsible telecom behavior. Act as digital empowerment ambassadors within public spaces and educational institutions.
• Act as digital empowerment ambassadors within public spaces and educational institutions.

Scheme for Women Cooperatives

• Aligned with the Atmanirbhar Bharat mission by fostering women's entrepreneurship through cooperatives
• Entrepreneurship and business planning
• Applicable to all sectors except urban housing
• Enable Self Help Groups (SHGs) to access adequate bank credit for collective socio-economic activities.

GST 2.0

• Current system: Five major slabs – 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%(plus special rates: 0.25%, 1%, and 3%)
• As the Goods and Services Tax (GST) completes eight years of implementation on July 1, tax experts acknowledge its successes but say a lot more work needs to be done in terms of simplification and rationalisation of rates. 
• Their inclusion would: Reduce tax cascading Ease cash flow issues for sectors like transport, logistics, oil & gas
• Ease cash flow issues for sectors like transport, logistics, oil & gas

RBI Financial Stability Report (FSR) – June 2025

• However, RBI’s stress tests show potential rise in GNPA to 5–6% by 2027 under adverse scenarios.
• India’s GDP is projected to grow steadily at 6.5% in FY26, supported by rural consumption, infrastructure spending, and corporate deleveraging.
• India’s bond market saw a record ₹9.9 trillion in fresh issuances in FY25.
• Deposit insurance coverage now spans 97.6% of accounts.

PhonePe Enters Co-Branded Credit Card Market with HDFC Bank Partnership

• Founded: August 2016
• Users: Over 61 crore (610 million) as of April 2025
• Merchant Network: 4+ crore (40 million) digital payment acceptance points across India
• The credit card is available in two versions: ‘UNO’ and ‘Ultimo’

RBI’s New Project Finance Norms

• Commercial Real Estate (CRE) projects: 1.25% general provision
• Commercial Real Estate – Residential Housing (CRERH): 1.0%
• All other projects: 1.0% during the construction phase
• Applies uniformly to projects, including those by MSMEs and small residential housing developers

Saraswat Bank Seeks RBI Nod to Merge New India Cooperative Bank

• In February 2025, RBI imposed severe restrictions on NICB: Barred from issuing fresh loans. Withdrawals were capped at ₹25,000 per depositor. RBI superseded the board and appointed an administrator.
• Withdrawals were capped at ₹25,000 per depositor.
• As of FY25, NICB’s net worth is negative ₹102.74 crore.
• RBI superseded the board and appointed an administrator.

RBI’s Role in Bank Mergers and Amalgamations

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) plays a central role in regulating and approving mergers, ensuring systemic stability, depositor protection, and adherence to financial norms under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, particularly Section 44A.
• Shareholder Approval As per Section 44A, approval from: Two-thirds majority of shareholders (either in person or proxy) of both transferor and transferee banks is mandatory for the scheme of amalgamation.
• As per Section 44A, approval from: Two-thirds majority of shareholders (either in person or proxy) of both transferor and transferee banks is mandatory for the scheme of amalgamation.
• Regulatory Oversight RBI supervises the entire lifecycle of a bank merger — from proposal to post-merger integration. Ensures alignment with national financial stability and banking sector consolidation goals.

NBFC Credit Growth Slows Despite RBI Support

• Unsecured personal and business loans are under close scrutiny.
• Despite a 50-bps repo rate cut in April, many banks (especially PSBs) have not cut MCLR, limiting benefit to NBFCs.
• NBFCs rated A- to BBB are the worst hit, as they largely depend on banks and large NBFCs for funding.
• These NBFCs are seeing slower disbursements and higher costs.

Financial Conditions Index (FCI)

• The proposed FCI includes 20 indicators from five key financial market segments:
• The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) June 2025 Financial Stability Report presents a positive outlook on India’s financial system, noting that financial conditions have eased, aided by accommodative monetary policy. However, assessing financial conditions remains complex due to the interplay of multiple variables.
• Equity Market – uses Sensex, though a broader index like Nifty may be more representative.

AI in Indian Banking

• Around 65–70% of BFSI IT budgets now touch AI, either through fraud analytics, data streaming, or workflow automation.
• Efficiency Gains: Operational efficiency improved by 15–20%, according to EY.
• Faster Turnaround: Up to 60% reduction in query handling time (e.g., at SBI).
• Budget constraints: Most banks are still investing cautiously (₹5–10 crore range), focusing on low-risk, high-impact use cases.

Slice Launches India’s First UPI-Based Credit Card and UPI-Focused Bank Branch

• “Slice in 3” feature: lets users split payments into three interest-free installments.
• Offers UPI-based credit payments—users can pay by scanning QR codes or making UPI transactions directly from a pre-approved credit line.
• Facilities include: Instant online onboarding Kiosk-based account opening Cash deposit and withdrawal via UPI-enabled ATM 24x7 automated customer support A digitally self-service banking experience
• 24x7 automated customer support

AU Small Finance Bank Partners with LIC to Boost Life Insurance Access

• Objective: Supports India’s vision of ‘Insurance for All by 2047’ by improving life insurance penetration in underserved regions.
• On July 2, 2025, AU Small Finance Bank (AU SFB) entered into a strategic partnership with the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) to expand life insurance distribution across rural and semi-urban India.
• Founded: 1996 by Sanjay Agarwal
• Customer Base (as of March 31, 2025): Over 1.13 crore

SEBI Proposes New IT Capacity Guidelines for Commodity Exchanges and Clearing Corporations

• If utilisation exceeds 75% of installed IT capacity: Immediate corrective action is required. Aimed at avoiding disruptions and ensuring operational resilience.
• Previous Norm (2016): Required 4 times the peak load but applied only to exchanges.
• New Requirement: Maintain IT capacity at 2 times the projected peak load.
• Aimed at avoiding disruptions and ensuring operational resilience.

Microfinance institutions Will Return to Normalcy: Ind-Ra

• MFIs are unlikely to recover to FY24 performance levels before H2 FY26.
• Factors slowing recovery include: High operating expenses Pressure on lending yields Regulatory tightening by State governments
• These regulatory actions have: Created repayment anxieties among borrowers Affected collection efficiency and loan performance Reduced lender confidence in the sector
• Created repayment anxieties among borrowers

SEBI Introduces Common Contract Note with Single VWAP

• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has mandated the implementation of a common contract note featuring a single volume weighted average price (VWAP) for trades executed across exchanges. This directive came into effect on June 27, 2025, and is aimed at streamlining the post-trade reporting process for investors and brokers alike.
• This eliminates the current system where investors receive multiple contract notes for trades conducted on different exchanges.
• This simplifies understanding of execution price, especially in high-frequency or algorithmic trades split across venues.
• Simplified compliance and reporting for brokers and back-office teams.

Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI)

• The FRI tool allows real-time risk classification of mobile numbers.
• Banks can use this tool to screen mobile numbers during transactions to prevent fraud.
• Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)’s National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP)
• Punjab National Bank

IRDAI Eases Concerns Over Bancassurance Crackdown

• Misselling Concerns (2024) Raised by: Finance Minister, IRDAI Chair (ex), RBI Governor, DFS Secretary. Allegations: Customers coerced or misled by bank staff.
• Industry Impact of Proposed Cap Potential 15–30% drop in bank fee income. Up to 12% reduction in net profits. FY24: Bancassurance earned banks ₹14,500 crore (~2% of total revenue).
• Potential 15–30% drop in bank fee income.
• Grievance Trends UFBP complaints fell 10.6% in FY24. IRDAI formed a task force (Oct 2023) to improve bancassurance efficiency.

SEBI Tightens Royalty Disclosure Norms for Listed Firms

• A SEBI study in Nov 2024 found that 1 in 4 listed companies paid over 20% of net profits as royalties to related parties over FY14–FY24.

RBI Pushes for Real-Time Credit Reporting and Grameen Credit Score to Boost Financial Inclusion

• Since January 1, 2025, lenders have upgraded from monthly to fortnightly credit data submission.
• Applies to loans up to ₹50 lakh, irrespective of prepayment source or lock-in period.
• RBI is designing a Grameen Credit Score system to: Boost formal credit access for rural populations, SHG members, and marginalised communities. Complement existing credit scores but tailored for informal rural borrowing behavior.
• Boost formal credit access for rural populations, SHG members, and marginalised communities.

IndusInd Bank Launches "INDIE for Business"

• IndusInd Bank has launched INDIE for Business, a digital banking platform aimed at empowering India’s 60 million-plus Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by offering integrated solutions across payments, lending, collections, and account management.
• Unified Financial Dashboard 360° view of all business accounts Real-time tracking of loans, EMIs, and due dates
• 360° view of all business accounts

Karur Vysya Bank Partners with Kshema General Insurance for Rural-Focused Bancassurance

• Definition: Bancassurance is a distribution model in which a bank partners with an insurance company to sell insurance products through its branches and customer networks.
• Bancassurance is a distribution model in which a bank partners with an insurance company to sell insurance products through its branches and customer networks.
• Product Launch: Kshema Kisan Sathi is a tailor-made insurance solution targeting rural families, farmers, and agri-entrepreneurs.
• Kshema Kisan Sathi is a tailor-made insurance solution targeting rural families, farmers, and agri-entrepreneurs.

FinMin Urges PSBs to Ramp Up Branch Expansion Amidst Private Bank Competition

• PSBs were asked to identify high-potential locations and open more branches, especially in underserved and semi-urban/rural areas.
• Special Focus: Finance Ministry urged banking infrastructure expansion in the Northeast, where branch density is low.
• Finance Ministry urged banking infrastructure expansion in the Northeast, where branch density is low.

AMFI Seeks ₹250 Chhoti SIP Rollout Plans from Fund Houses After SEBI Nudge

• First proposed in a January 2025 consultation paper.
• AMFI’s Response: On June 27, AMFI sent a letter to all fund houses asking for their plans to launch ₹250 SIPs. The move comes as over two-thirds of fund houses are yet to introduce these offerings.
• On June 27, AMFI sent a letter to all fund houses asking for their plans to launch ₹250 SIPs.
• Current Status: Top 15 AMCs (by AUM) have already reduced minimum SIP sizes—some as low as ₹100. However, ₹250 SIPs specifically qualify under SEBI’s proposed subsidised framework. The final circular from SEBI is still awaited, adding to market uncertainty.

New Consumer Price Index (CPI) Series

• AI-led modelling offers a paradigm shift in the way CPI and inflation dynamics are tracked, potentially placing India at the forefront of data-driven economic governance.

DSP Launches India’s First Retail Offshore Mutual Fund from GIFT City

• Investment cap: Subject to individual $250,000 LRS limit
• Not under SEBI’s $7 billion overseas limit, which has paused many global feeder funds
• India has officially opened the door to retail-focused offshore mutual funds with the launch of DSP Mutual Fund’s Global Equity Fund on June 2, 2025, from GIFT City (Gujarat International Finance Tec-City). This marks a regulatory milestone, enabling resident Indians to invest globally without relying on offshore brokerages, while sidestepping the Reserve Bank of India’s overseas investment caps applicable to SEBI-regulated mutual funds.
• Eligible investors: Indian residents (NRIs excluded), via Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)

RBI Bans Pre-Payment Charges on Floating Rate Loans for Individuals and MSEs

• Banking Regulation Act, 1949: Sections 21, 35A, and 56
• RBI Act, 1934: Sections 45JA, 45L, and 45M
• National Housing Bank Act, 1987: Section 30A
• Co-operative Banks (Tier 4 Urban Co-op Banks with deposits > ₹10,000 crore)

Mashreq Bank Gets In-Principle Nod to Open IBU at GIFT City, Gujarat

• Expected Launch: The IBU is expected to become operational by Q4 2025, subject to final regulatory clearances.
• The IBU is expected to become operational by Q4 2025, subject to final regulatory clearances.
• Regulatory Milestone: Mashreq Bank secured in-principle approval from the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA). Approvals have also been obtained from the UAE Central Bank and the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Authority.
• Mashreq Bank secured in-principle approval from the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA).

SEBI Bans Jane Street Group for Stock Manipulation

• ₹4,844 Crore Impounded: Unlawful profits accrued by Jane Street between January 2023 and March 2025 are under freeze.
• It has made ₹36,502 crore in profits in India between Jan 1, 2023, and Mar 31, 2025.
• Headquartered in New York, Jane Street is a major global proprietary trading firm employing over 2,600 people.
• On July 4, 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) took stern enforcement action against U.S.-based hedge fund giant Jane Street Group and its affiliated entities for allegedly manipulating the Bank Nifty index and unlawfully earning ₹4,843.6 crore through a deceptive trading scheme.

India Ratings Maintains Negative Outlook on IndusInd Bank Despite AA+ Rating Affirmation

• Accounting Irregularities ₹4,920 crore discrepancies in derivatives accounts reported in FY25. Disclosed on March 20, 2025; triggered a temporary “Rating Watch with Negative Implications.”
• Liquidity and Provisions Bank created ₹62,000 crore in liquidity by winding down its corporate book. Entire ₹1,325 crore contingent provision buffer was utilized in Q4FY25.
• Bank created ₹62,000 crore in liquidity by winding down its corporate book.
• ₹4,920 crore discrepancies in derivatives accounts reported in FY25.

RBI Moves to Standardize Credit Bureau Data and Improve Transparency for Borrowers

• Enforcement Under RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (2021) CICs now fall under RBI's Ombudsman framework. Borrowers can claim ₹100/day compensation if complaints are unresolved beyond 30 days. RBI insists on faster correction of credit reports and improved consumer protection.
• Borrowers can claim ₹100/day compensation if complaints are unresolved beyond 30 days.
• Borrowers: Better dispute resolution and visibility of credit status. Uniform process to file and track complaints.
• Lenders (Banks/NBFCs): Enhanced credit risk profiling through cleaner data. Reduced loan rejection errors due to inaccurate reports.

MobiKwik Enters Stock Broking Arena with SEBI Nod

• The company aims to leverage its existing 176 million users and 4.6 million merchants for broking adoption.
• Mobikwik’s wholly-owned subsidiary, MobiKwik Securities Broking Pvt Ltd (MSBPL), received SEBI registration on July 1, 2025, enabling it to operate as a stockbroker and clearing member—authorized for equity trades, clearing, and settlement.
• Joins established competitors like Groww, Zerodha, AngelOne, Upstox, and ICICI Direct in the retail broking space.
• MSBPL will seek membership with stock and commodity exchanges.

PM Jan Dhan Accounts

• Age: 18 to 59 years
• Minors above 10 years can open accounts with parental/guardian supervision
• Accounts with no customer-driven transactions for 24+ months are marked as inoperative.
• Impact Retail depositors bear the brunt of mule account frauds. The issue highlights the need for policy clarity, improved customer awareness, and stronger account surveillance.

Payments Ecosystem in India

• Launched in 2016, UPI enables real-time person-to-person and merchant transactions using mobile apps.
• Overview: Launched in 2016, UPI enables real-time person-to-person and merchant transactions using mobile apps. Users can link multiple bank accounts to one UPI-enabled app.
• What is AePS? Launched in 2011, AePS allows interoperable banking transactions at micro-ATMs using Aadhaar and biometric authentication. Operated by NPCI, it enables cash withdrawals, deposits, fund transfers, and balance enquiries without a card or phone.
• Launched in 2011, AePS allows interoperable banking transactions at micro-ATMs using Aadhaar and biometric authentication.

The Monetary Multiverse: SBI Report

• The word “growth” appeared 24 times in the June 2025 monetary policy statement, signaling a possible tilt toward accommodative policy.
• Such creative methods, though informal, can enhance market understanding of central bank behavior in real-time.
• The speech preceded a 50 basis point rate cut, reinforcing the narrative.
• 1 for rate hikes

IBC Cannot Override PMLA on Attached Assets: NCLAT Ruling

• Section 238 of the IBC, which gives the Code overriding powers, does not apply to assets attached under PMLA in cases involving proceeds of crime.
• Under Section 14 of the IBC, a moratorium is imposed on the debtor’s assets during insolvency resolution proceedings.
• However, if assets have been attached by the ED under PMLA and such attachment is confirmed by a competent authority, they cannot be included in the resolution estate.

Public Sector Banks May Scrap Minimum Balance Penalties

• SBI had already removed this requirement in 2020 after public backlash, especially following RTI revelations that penalty collections exceeded net profit in some years.
• As per RBI’s June 2025 Financial Stability Report, the share of CASA deposits is declining, while banks are relying more on high-cost term deposits and certificates of deposit (CDs).
• The Finance Ministry questioned the rationale of penalizing customers, especially at a time when low-cost deposits are falling.
• No penalty will be levied on customers for non-maintenance of minimum balance.

LIC Launches Nav Jeevan Shree Plans 911 & 912

• Premium Payment Terms: 6, 8, 10, or 12 years
• Policy Term: 10 to 20 years
• Guaranteed Additions: 8.5% to 9.5% of annual premium based on term
• Entry Age: 30 days to 60 years

SEBI Proposes Dedicated Electronic Book Provider (EBP) Platform for NPOs on SSE

• Mandatory for NPOs raising ₹50 lakh or more in a single or shelf issuance.
• 2 days prior to issue for repeat issuers
• 5 days prior for first-time issuers
• Successful bidders who fail to make payment face a 30-day debarment.

SEBI Proposes Relaxation of Broad-Basing Norms for Mutual Funds

• Funds with fewer than 20 investors or where one investor holds more than 25% of the corpus.
• AMCs will be allowed to offer advisory services to pooled funds (with fewer than 20 investors or a single investor holding over 25% of the corpus) through a distinct and ring-fenced unit with dedicated personnel and separate infrastructure.
• Advisory Services via Separate Unit AMCs will be allowed to offer advisory services to pooled funds (with fewer than 20 investors or a single investor holding over 25% of the corpus) through a distinct and ring-fenced unit with dedicated personnel and separate infrastructure.
• Target Funds Covers pooled non‑broad‑based funds, including offshore institutional funds and family-office structures that didn't qualify as broad-based.

NPCI to Launch IoT-Enabled UPI Payments

• The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is developing an IoT (Internet of Things)-ready version of UPI, aimed at enabling autonomous payments via smart devices such as wearables, connected vehicles, and home appliances. This innovation is part of NPCI’s 2025 roadmap and supports its goal of tenfold growth in UPI transactions.
• The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is developing an IoT-ready version of UPI.
• Smart devices like refrigerators, washing machines, smartwatches, connected cars, and smart TVs will soon be able to initiate UPI transactions independently — for example, paying for parking, metro tickets, or renewing subscriptions automatically.
• Payment Mandates and AutoPay Features Implementation of delegated payment frameworks such as UPI Circle and AutoPay. Users will be able to define mandates and transaction limits per device for better control.

Expand Financial Inclusion Using AI and Fintech Innovation: DFS Secretary

• Fintechs should: Use AI and digital tools to expand access to financial services. Develop fraud detection and cybersecurity solutions to safeguard digital finance ecosystems.
• Develop fraud detection and cybersecurity solutions to safeguard digital finance ecosystems.
• 7 out of 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) are directly linked to financial inclusion.
• Progress in India’s Financial Inclusion (2014–2024)

Rupee Weakens Sharply Amid Trump Tariff Threats and Dollar Strength

• Former U.S. President Donald Trump announced a 10% tariff on countries aligning with BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa).
• Stop-loss orders were triggered once the rupee crossed 85.80, leading to more depreciation.
• Strong demand for dollars by a major private bank put further pressure on the rupee.
• The Dollar Index rose to 97.36 from 96.95, strengthening the greenback against a basket of six currencies.

SEBI Reviewing AIF Norms

• Investor Cap: Max 1,000 investors per scheme (49 for Angel Funds).
• Angel Funds: Early-stage funding with ₹25 lakh minimum per investor.
• Hedge Funds: Invest in domestic/global markets using derivatives and leverage; high fee structure (typically 2% management + 20% performance fee).
• Minimum Investment: ₹1 crore (₹25 lakh for fund managers, employees, directors).

RBI Issues New Directions on Pre-Payment Charges for Loans

• No charges up to ₹50 lakh if lender is: Small Finance Bank (SFB) Regional Rural Bank (RRB) Tier-3 Urban Co-operative Bank State & Central Co-operative Banks NBFC-ML
• To enhance access to affordable credit for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) and resolve customer grievances, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued the RBI (Pre-payment Charges on Loans) Directions, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.
• Effective from: January 1, 2026
• For business loans to individuals and MSEs: No charges if lender is: Commercial Bank (excluding SFBs, RRBs, LABs) Tier-4 Primary (Urban) Co-operative Bank NBFC-UL AIFI No charges up to ₹50 lakh if lender is: Small Finance Bank (SFB) Regional Rural Bank (RRB) Tier-3 Urban Co-operative Bank State & Central Co-operative Banks NBFC-ML

SEBI Clampdown Leads to 20% Fall in Retail Participation in F&O Market

• Unique traders fell from 8.43 million to 6.77 million, a 20% decline.
• Turnover by individual traders dropped by 11%, from ₹62,700 crore to ₹56,000 crore.
• Sharpest decline (30%) was observed in traders with less than ₹10,000 turnover.
• Mandated upfront premium collection from options buyers.

No Closure of Inactive PMJDY Accounts

• Launched on July 1, 2025, across India.
• 3-Month Awareness Campaign: Launched on July 1, 2025, across India. Aimed at deepening outreach and awareness of: PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) Atal Pension Yojana (APY) and other financial inclusion schemes.
• Age: 18 to 59 years
• Minors above 10 years can open accounts with parental/guardian supervision

SEBI May Scrap Weekly Index Options Expiry

• Retail traders dominate index options, but 91% incurred net losses in FY25, similar to FY24, per SEBI’s Equity Derivatives Study (EDS).
• October 2023: Cut multiple weekly expiries to one per exchange. Increased contract size to ₹15–20 lakh (from ₹5–10 lakh).
• SEBI’s 3 July interim order against US-based Jane Street for ₹4,844 crore market manipulation on options expiry day raised concerns about market integrity.
• Increased contract size to ₹15–20 lakh (from ₹5–10 lakh).

ADB Launches UHC PEERS Network to Boost Universal Health Coverage

• At the INSPIRE Health Systems Forum in Manila, the Asian Development Bank (ADB)—led by President Masato Kanda—launched the Universal Health Coverage Practitioners and Experts Knowledge Exchange and Resources (UHC PEERS) network. Health ministers and officials from over 25 countries participated in the event.
• Over 1 billion people in Asia and the Pacific lack access to essential health services.
• ADB estimates show that every $1 invested in primary healthcare yields $10 in economic returns, underlining the importance of public health investments.
• Focus areas include: Health financing reform Primary healthcare innovations Inclusion of underserved communities Private sector engagement

SEBI Proposes Expanded Role for Credit Rating Agencies

• CRAs can rate financial instruments under other financial sector regulators (FSRs) like RBI or IRDAI only if those regulators have issued relevant guidelines.
• A lack of such guidelines from some FSRs has led to ambiguity over CRA roles in rating unlisted financial instruments.
• CRAs may be allowed to rate financial instruments regulated by other FSRs (e.g., RBI, IRDAI, PFRDA) even if: The respective regulator has not issued detailed CRA guidelines. The instrument is not listed or proposed to be listed on an exchange.

Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds)

• Risk Transfer: Moves risk from sponsor (like a sovereign government) to global investors.
• For investors: Portfolio diversification and non-correlated, higher-yield investment.
• Rising Climate Risk India ranks high on hazard exposure, with increasing frequency and intensity of disasters. Traditional insurance markets may fail to price or cover such risks affordably.
• India ranks high on hazard exposure, with increasing frequency and intensity of disasters.

RBI’s Whitelist and Key Safety Guidelines

• Hidden Charges & High Interest: Exorbitant interest (10–20% per month) and steep penalties.
• Fraudulent loan apps often operate without regulation, exploit users, and use coercive or abusive tactics during loan recovery.

RBI Issues Draft Guidelines on Novation of OTC Derivative Contracts

• RBI has asked FIMMDA (Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India) and FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) to: Develop standard documentation based on international best practices.
• On July 10, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released draft guidelines proposing a structured mechanism for novation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivative contracts. This move aims to enhance transparency, fairness, and legal certainty in OTC derivatives markets.

Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in India

• SARFAESI Act (2002): Enables lenders to seize and auction secured assets without court intervention after a 60-day notice.
• Enables lenders to seize and auction secured assets without court intervention after a 60-day notice.
• Loss Assets:  Loans where the bank or auditors have determined that the recovery is unlikely, though they may not be fully written off from the bank’s books. These assets represent a complete erosion of the bank’s capital if not handled properly.
• Loans where the bank or auditors have determined that the recovery is unlikely, though they may not be fully written off from the bank’s books. These assets represent a complete erosion of the bank’s capital if not handled properly.

CAMS Launches CAMSPay Gateway for Secure Digital Transactions

• Performance Capabilities: Can process 5,000+ transactions per second (TPS). Offers real-time analytics, dashboards, and robust reliability.
• Strategic Partners: Built with Mylapay as the technology partner. Supported by RBL Bank as the BIN (Bank Identification Number) sponsor.
• Can process 5,000+ transactions per second (TPS).
• Offers real-time analytics, dashboards, and robust reliability.

Finance Ministry Seeks Control Over National Health Claims Exchange (NHCX)

• A digital platform that connects: Insurance companies Healthcare service providers TPAs (Third Party Administrators) Government insurance schemes
• Healthcare service providers
• TPAs (Third Party Administrators)
• Aim: To automate and streamline health insurance claims and settlement.

Growing Retail Digital Payments: The Value of Interoperability: IMF

• Launched: 2016 by NPCI (National Payments Corporation of India)
• India’s retail digital payments ecosystem is now more efficient, interoperable, and instantaneous than its global peers.
• Current Volume: Over 18 billion transactions per month
• Suggests a structural shift toward digital-first financial behaviour in India.

Financial Markets Need More Clarity on RBI's Liquidity Management

• 2024-end: Liquidity deficit (~₹2 trillion) due to RBI's currency market intervention to support the rupee.
• Mid-2025: Liquidity surplus (~₹3–4 trillion daily) due to: Reduced forex market pressure Favourable inflation outlook RBI injecting ₹9.5 trillion durable liquidity since Jan 2025 CRR cut of 100 bps (in four tranches) expected to release ₹2.5 trillion
• RBI injecting ₹9.5 trillion durable liquidity since Jan 2025
• CRR cut of 100 bps (in four tranches) expected to release ₹2.5 trillion

SBI Mutual Fund Enters Specialised Investment Fund (SIF) Space Under Magnum Brand

• Require a minimum investment of ₹10 lakh.
• SIFs aim to capture HNI and ultra-HNI interest in sophisticated, market-linked strategies, particularly amid increasing retail investor maturity post-2020.
• Distribution Strategy: Wealth counters of banks, national distributors, and individual financial advisors will be primary channels for SIF distribution.
• Cater to experienced and risk-aware investors.

Sanjiv Bhasin Moves SAT Against SEBI Ban in Market Manipulation Case

• Nature of Allegations: SEBI alleged that Bhasin and 11 others: Engaged in coordinated fraudulent trading. Placed trades prior to making stock recommendations on TV and social media. Benefited from unlawful gains by influencing prices.
• Actions Taken by SEBI: Restraining Bhasin and others from accessing the securities market. Freezing of bank and demat accounts. Accused of trades executed before or simultaneously with public recommendations.
• Restraining Bhasin and others from accessing the securities market.
• Freezing of bank and demat accounts.

RBI Clarifies Collateral Rules for MSE and Agri Loans Involving Gold/Silver Pledge

• Ensures banks can classify such loans as PSL and meet the 40% target for PSL lending.
• Mandatory Lending Targets: 40% of total loans for domestic commercial banks.
• 40% of total loans for domestic commercial banks.
• If borrowers voluntarily offer gold or silver as collateral for loans, such loans will not be treated as violating the RBI’s collateral-free guidelines.

RBI Imposes Penalties on HDFC Bank and Shriram Finance for Regulatory Non-Compliance

• On July 12, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed monetary penalties on HDFC Bank and Shriram Finance Ltd. for violations of regulatory norms under respective RBI directions.
• Violation: Loan repayments were routed through third-party accounts rather than directly by borrowers into the company’s account.
• Loan repayments were routed through third-party accounts rather than directly by borrowers into the company’s account.
• RBI Observation: Found non-compliance after reviewing HDFC Bank’s response. Penalty warranted due to established contravention.

Asia Index Launches BSE Insurance Index to Track Insurance Sector Performance

• Stock Weighting Rule: Weight of any individual stock capped at 25% to prevent concentration risk.
• Weight of any individual stock capped at 25% to prevent concentration risk.
• On 12th July 2025, Asia Index Pvt Ltd, a joint venture between BSE Ltd and S&P Dow Jones Indices, launched the BSE Insurance Index to track the performance of India’s insurance sector.
• Launched by: Asia Index (subsidiary of BSE)

Rise in Informal Borrowing Among Poor Households in India

• Formal Credit Fall: 4.2% decline in formal credit among poor households (CMIE, 2023).
• 4.2% decline in formal credit among poor households (CMIE, 2023).
• Rural Dependence: 75% of rural adults still rely on informal credit in some form (NABARD, 2019).
• 75% of rural adults still rely on informal credit in some form (NABARD, 2019).

Mobile Money

• In 2010: 13 million mobile money accounts worldwide
• By 2023: 640+ million accounts
• Users can: Send/receive money using a phone number as an account Deposit/withdraw money through mobile money agents (e.g., kiosks, shops)
• Unlike traditional banking, it does not require internet access or physical bank branches.

Banks Prefer VRRR Over SDF as Overnight Rates Firm Up

• The amount parked by banks in the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI’s) Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) has dropped sharply to ₹1.2 trillion, down from ₹3.26 trillion at the beginning of July 2025. This shift follows RBI’s Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR) auctions aimed at absorbing surplus liquidity.
• Typically, the VRRR rate is equal to or slightly higher than the standard reverse repo rate.

RBI’s Nod for Voluntary Gold Pledge Likely to Boost Micro and Agri Lending

• As per PSL norms: Banks must allocate 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) to priority sectors. Sub-targets include: 18% for agriculture and allied sectors, with: 14% for non-corporate farmers 10% for small and marginal farmers 7.5% for micro enterprises
• Banks must allocate 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) to priority sectors.
• Borrowers voluntarily pledging gold to avail loans up to: ₹2 lakh for agriculture ₹10 lakh for MSMEswill not be treated as collateral-based lending under PSL norms.
• ₹2 lakh for agriculture

The CAMSPay’s New Payment Gateway

• India’s digital payments market is on track to hit $10 trillion by 2030, powered by e-commerce expansion, fintech adoption, and digital-first financial services.
• Over 5 billion digital transactions are processed monthly, with peak volumes surging beyond 30%.

RBI Expands Basel III Credit Rating Options for IFSC Exposures

• RBI-Specified Risk Weight Mapping for CareEdge Global IFSC Ltd: AAA – 20% AA – 30% A – 50% BBB – 100% BB & below – 150%
• BB & below – 150%

Slice Launches India’s First UPI-Enabled Physical Bank Branch

• India’s first: Physical bank branch with UPI-powered banking
• Launched by: Fintech firm Slice

AU Small Finance Bank Partners with LIC to Distribute Insurance Products

• On July 14, 2025, AU Small Finance Bank (AU SFB) and the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) announced a strategic bancassurance partnership to distribute LIC’s insurance offerings through the bank’s branch network and digital platforms.
• Financial Inclusion: Targets rural and underserved segments of society. Enhances insurance penetration in Tier 2, Tier 3 cities and remote areas.
• Targets rural and underserved segments of society.
• Enhances insurance penetration in Tier 2, Tier 3 cities and remote areas.

MFIs Raise Lending Rates Despite RBI Rate Cuts

• Leading NBFC-MFIs such as CreditAccess Grameen, Muthoot Microfin, and Fusion Finance have hiked interest rates between June and July 2025.
• Despite the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) cutting the repo rate by 100 basis points in recent months, several microfinance institutions (MFIs) have increased their lending rates, citing persistent borrowing costs and asset quality stress. This move contrasts with the expected transmission of monetary policy to end borrowers.

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) Reforms

• Yet, resolution cases took an average of 597 days (as per IBBI data till March 2025).
• IBC’s original aim was to resolve insolvencies within 330 days.
• Liquidation cases took 508 days on average.
• Capacity Constraints at NCLT/NCLAT: The current tribunals handle both company law and IBC matters, leading to severe backlog and inadequate focus. No significant institutional expansion has accompanied their expanding mandate.

Fintech Giants Push Co-Branded Credit Cards

• Google Pay is developing a co-branded credit card with Axis Bank, after previously launching: Gold loans in partnership with Muthoot Finance Personal loans ranging from ₹30,000 to ₹10 lakh (tenure: 6 months to 6 years)
• Amazon already operates a popular co-branded ICICI Bank card with over 5 million users and is exploring an NBFC license via Axio (formerly Capital Float).
• Personal loans ranging from ₹30,000 to ₹10 lakh (tenure: 6 months to 6 years)
• Fintechs earn commissions for sourcing credit customers for partner banks: Credit card sourcing: ₹1,000–₹1,200 per customer Personal loan commission Gold loan commission

RBI Likely to Adopt Secured Rate as New Benchmark Tool for Monetary Policy Operations

• Reason for Shift: The secured rates (TREPS/SORR) represent over 98% of overnight market volumes, offering a more robust and transparent benchmark than WACR, which is based on a smaller share of unsecured interbank trades.
• The secured rates (TREPS/SORR) represent over 98% of overnight market volumes, offering a more robust and transparent benchmark than WACR, which is based on a smaller share of unsecured interbank trades.
• Banks have urged RBI to replace the current 14-day variable rate reverse repo (VRRR) auctions with a fixed-rate daily repo to better handle 24x7 banking and fluctuating liquidity.
• Support Measures Being Considered: A possible 100 bps cut in CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio) effective from September 2025 to infuse durable liquidity. Integration of digital systems and operational tweaks to facilitate smoother monetary policy implementation.

SEBI Launches Settlement Scheme for Expired VCFs

• The scheme offers an opportunity for migrated VCFs to settle regulatory proceedings arising from: Failure to wind up schemes despite expiry of their liquidation period. Continued holding of unliquidated investments.
• Available to venture capital funds that: Were registered under the SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996, and Have since migrated to the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012.
• Were registered under the SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996, and
• Have since migrated to the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012.

IRDAI Proposes Higher Investment Limits in REITs, InvITs, and Gold ETFs

• Current cap: 3%
• Proposed cap: 6% Life insurers: 6% of own fund size General insurers: 6% of total investment assets
• Life insurers: 6% of own fund size
• General insurers: 6% of total investment assets

FDI Cap Hike in Public Sector Banks on Hold Pending RBI Review

• FDI in PSBs: Capped at 20% under automatic route.
• Government ownership: Mandated to hold at least 51% in PSBs.
• FDI in private banks: Allowed up to 74% (49% automatic, up to 74% via government route).
• Voting rights: Promoters in private banks: Capped at 26%. Financial institutions: Max 15% stake. Individual & non-financial investors: 10%, subject to RBI approval. Promoters of non-state banks must reduce holdings to 26% over 15 years.

Ageas Federal Life Insurance Launches India Sector Leaders Fund

• Initial NAV: Flat ₹10 per unit
• Diversified Exposure: Covers 22 sectors as per the India Industry Classification Structure (IICS).
• New Fund Offer (NFO) Period: Begins July 14, 2025
• Fund tracks the BSE India Sector Leaders Index, ensuring alignment with benchmark sector leaders.

RBI Reviews Unified Lending Interface (ULI) Rollout

• It enables lenders to make informed, real-time credit decisions using verified data sources like land records, property data, satellite insights, etc.
• Integration delay: Some lenders already have proprietary technology stacks and partnerships, making ULI integration a low priority.
• Regulatory scrutiny: Initial focus on small-ticket personal loans—which came under RBI scrutiny for rising delinquencies—slowed momentum.
• RBI Deputy Governor T. Rabi Sankar and DFS Secretary M. Nagaraju are actively engaging stakeholders to identify bottlenecks.

Global Findex Report 2025 by World Bank

• 35% of Indian bank account holders had inactive accounts in 2021.
• Launched in August 2014, PMJDY led to 450 million new bank accounts by April 2022.
• In other developing economies: Inactivity among adults dropped from 17% in 2017 to 9% in 2021.
• Inactivity among adults dropped from 17% in 2017 to 9% in 2021.

SEBI Penalty Rationalisation Framework Nears Finalisation

• Dedicated Approval Portal: A platform is being developed for approvals related to brokers (e.g., advertisements, registrations) to improve processing efficiency.
• A platform is being developed for approvals related to brokers (e.g., advertisements, registrations) to improve processing efficiency.

Fitch Ratings: RBI’s Liquidity Infusion to Facilitate 100 bps Rate Cut in 2025

• RBI has injected ₹5.6 trillion into the banking system since January 2025.
• The liquidity infusion equals 2% of system assets.
• RBI’s decision to cut the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) by 100 bps will: Release ₹2.7 trillion in liquidity, in phased tranches. Further ease funding conditions for banks and financial institutions.
• Release ₹2.7 trillion in liquidity, in phased tranches.

EximPe Secures RBI’s In-Principle Approval for Payment Aggregator-Cross Border (PA-CB) Licence

• Enables fintechs to facilitate inbound (pay-ins) and outbound (pay-outs) for digital services, e-commerce, and B2B trade.
• Current Reach: Over 5,000 SME clients Processed $450 million+ in transactions
• Over 5,000 SME clients
• Processed $450 million+ in transactions

SEBI Flags Sustainability Concerns in F&O Trading Boom

• Retail Losses in F&O: A SEBI study revealed that 91% of retail individual traders in derivatives incurred net losses in FY25, amounting to losses over ₹1 lakh crore.
• A SEBI study revealed that 91% of retail individual traders in derivatives incurred net losses in FY25, amounting to losses over ₹1 lakh crore.
• Recently acted against US quant firm Jane Street over alleged manipulative practices, which caused a 20–36% drop in options turnover.
• F&O Market Dominance: Derivatives turnover is nearly 350 times that of the cash equity market on some days, mainly driven by weekly index options expiring the same day.

India’s Mutual Fund Industry Embraces Active Factor-Based Strategies

• Passive factor indices like Nifty 200 Momentum 30, Nifty 200 Quality 30, Nifty 50 Value 20, and Nifty 100 Low Volatility 30 have been tracking performance for over three years.
• Recent Active Factor Fund Launches (2023–2025)
• Dynamic allocation: Switch between factors based on prevailing trends.
• Risk control: More nimble in avoiding underperforming sectors.

Equity-Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS)

• The once-popular Equity-Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS) is witnessing a decline in investor interest as taxpayers increasingly shift to the new tax regime, which does not offer tax deductions under Section 80C.
• Tax Deduction Under Section 80C: Investments up to ₹1.5 lakh annually qualify for income tax deduction, offering potential tax savings up to ₹46,800 (for highest tax slab).
• Investments up to ₹1.5 lakh annually qualify for income tax deduction, offering potential tax savings up to ₹46,800 (for highest tax slab).
• Mandatory Lock-in Period: ELSS has the shortest lock-in among all 80C instruments — 3 years. The funds cannot be withdrawn before this tenure.

RBI Set to Finalise Climate Risk Disclosure Norms for Banks

• RBI shared a 52-page draft guidance note with large banks outlining: Methodologies for assessing physical and transition risks Stress-testing borrowers’ loan repayment capacity under climate-related scenarios
• Mandatory Disclosure Timeline: Voluntary climate risk disclosures: From FY 2026–27 Mandatory compliance: From FY 2027–28
• Voluntary climate risk disclosures: From FY 2026–27
• Mandatory compliance: From FY 2027–28

NPCI Expands UPI–PayNow India-Singapore Payment Linkage

• Launched in collaboration with RBI and Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS).
• IDFC FIRST Bank
• Indian Overseas Bank
• NPCI International Payments Ltd. (NIPL), the global subsidiary of NPCI, has announced the inclusion of 13 more Indian banks into the UPI–PayNow linkage between India and Singapore, effective July 17, 2025.

Sebi Proposes Changes in Categorization and Rationalization of Mutual Fund Schemes

• A new category will permit schemes that invest over 80% of their portfolio in debt instruments of a specific sector (e.g., infrastructure, power, or banking).
• Expanded Solution-Oriented Schemes The number of solution-oriented mutual fund schemes (like retirement and children's plans) will increase from 2 to 6. This provides more flexibility and customisation for long-term investors with specific financial goals.
• SEBI will allow one Life Cycle FoF launch every 5 years, with a maximum tenure of 30 years.
• Expansion of Active Categories Active equity, hybrid, and debt fund categories will be broadened to provide more tailored investment strategies for investors.

India Launches Electricity Futures

• Trading began on NSE on July 14 and MCX on July 10, with: Minimum trade unit: 50 MWh (50,000 units of electricity) Tick size: ₹1 per MWh Cash settlement only
• Tick size: ₹1 per MWh
• Minimum trade unit: 50 MWh (50,000 units of electricity)
• Participants include: Power generators Distribution companies (discoms) Power exchanges Large consumers Institutional traders

India’s Retail Asset Securitisation Market Grows

• Loan Issuance (Asset Origination) A bank or NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Company) gives out loans — like home loans, car loans, or business credit lines — to borrowers.
• A bank or NBFC (Non-Banking Financial Company) gives out loans — like home loans, car loans, or business credit lines — to borrowers.
• Securitisation refers to the process of pooling illiquid financial assets (like loans) and converting them into marketable securities.
• It facilitates: Liquidity for lenders Risk distribution across investors Access to capital for underserved sectors

Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI) Scheme

• The Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme (EDLI) provides life insurance coverage to all employees who are members of EPF or PF-exempted trusts under Section 17 of the EPF Act.
• ₹50,000 Minimum Assurance Benefit Nominees will receive at least ₹50,000 under EDLI, even if the PF balance is below that amount.
• Nominees will receive at least ₹50,000 under EDLI, even if the PF balance is below that amount.
• The maximum benefit can go up to ₹7 lakh, depending on the last drawn salary and tenure.

SBI Named World’s Best Consumer Bank 2025 by Global Finance Magazine

• Global Finance magazine, a reputed international financial publication, adjudged SBI the World’s Best Consumer Bank 2025.
• The award will be presented to CS Setty on October 18, 2025, during the IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings in Washington, D.C.
• The State Bank of India (SBI), India’s largest lender, has been honoured with the prestigious title of World’s Best Consumer Bank for 2025 by Global Finance magazine, highlighting its continued focus on digital transformation and customer-centric services.
• The award selection was based on independent editorial evaluation, supported by insights from global corporate finance executives, analysts, and bankers.

Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA): Global Climate Commitment by Banks

• Despite the withdrawal, HSBC reaffirmed its net-zero ambition for 2050, though it postponed its interim 2030 target for operational and supply chain emissions by 20 years.
• Members must set science-based targets for reducing emissions by 2030 or earlier.
• A global alliance of banks committed to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.
• HSBC exited the NZBA, a flagship initiative of the UN’s Race to Zero campaign, aimed at aligning banks' lending and investment portfolios with the 1.5°C climate target.

Export Data Processing and Monitoring System (EDPMS) Shipping Bill

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released draft directions aimed at simplifying the closure process of shipping bills in the Export Data Processing and Monitoring System (EDPMS), especially for small-value export transactions. Stakeholders have been invited to submit feedback before the end of July 2025.
• EDPMS was introduced in February 2014 to monitor realisation of export proceeds.
• Integrated with: ICEGATE (Customs interface) ECCS (Express Cargo Clearance System from Jan 2022) Postal export data (from Jan 2025)
• ECCS (Express Cargo Clearance System from Jan 2022)

Tax Compliance for Overseas Investments Under Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)

• LTCG (>24 months): Taxed at 12.5% (no indexation) + cess + surcharge (from July 23, 2024 onward).
• Carry forward period: 8 years (return must be filed by due date, i.e., Sept 15, 2025).
• Revised return: File by Dec 31, 2025, to correct errors.
• Updated return: Can be filed within 4 years from original filing, if it leads to increased income and tax liability.

IBA Urges Banks to Fast-Track SWIFT ISO 20022 Migration

• Only three Indian banks have so far achieved a migration rate of above 85%.
• Full ISO 20022 readiness will allow: Seamless integration with global banks Reduced message translation errors Improved AML and compliance checks Enhanced customer service through better transaction data
• In a letter sent by IBA Chief Executive Atul Kumar Goel, banks were advised to begin migration by August 2025 to build sufficient operational buffer.
• Post November 22, 2025, legacy MT instruction messages will fail validation.

Aurum PropTech Launches India’s First SM‑REIT with SEBI Nod

• A Small & Medium REIT focuses on single commercial assets valued between ₹50–500 crore, all of which must be 100% leased to ensure stable cash flows – offering a yield-backed investment structure designed for broader investor access
• Minimum investment starts at ₹10 lakh, opening doors to A-Grade income assets.
• Enables fractional ownership of rent-yielding, premium commercial assets via BSE/NSE listings.
• AMSA prioritizes a retail-first investment strategy.

IRDAI Forms Investigation Panels to Probe Regulatory Breaches

• Founded: 1999
• Legal Basis: The panels will investigate breaches under the Insurance Act, 1938, and related IRDAI regulations.
• The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), in its 132nd Authority meeting, decided to strengthen regulatory enforcement by setting up dedicated panels to probe violations by insurers and intermediaries.
• IRDAI approved the R1 application of Kiwi General Insurance Ltd, marking the first stage of registration under India’s three-stage insurance licensing process (R1 → R2 → R3).

Fast Payments Report 2025: IMF & FIS Global

• Ranked #1 with an FPAS of 87.5%.
• Speed & Cost: Transfers under 5 seconds; near-zero cost
• Scope: Analysis of real-time payment systems across 30 countries, focusing on speed, cost, interoperability, security, and inclusivity.
• Surpassed global leaders like Brazil, Singapore, the UK, and the US.

Proposed Income Tax Bill 2025

• Substantive Influence Clause: Transfer pricing scrutiny may now apply if the tax department believes one company exerts substantial influence over another—even without meeting formal thresholds such as 26% voting rights or majority board control.
• Transfer pricing scrutiny may now apply if the tax department believes one company exerts substantial influence over another—even without meeting formal thresholds such as 26% voting rights or majority board control.
• House Property Income: 30% standard deduction after subtracting municipal taxes. Pre-construction interest deduction allowed for let-out properties.
• 30% standard deduction after subtracting municipal taxes.

RBI Issues Draft Norms on Digital Banking Channels

• Banks cannot compel customers to opt for digital banking channels as a precondition for availing other services.
• Customers must retain the right to choose whether they want access to online/mobile banking or similar services.
• Banks may continue to collect and store mobile numbers and email IDs as part of KYC norms when accounts are opened.
• Banks must inform customers clearly that SMS/email alerts (for both financial and non-financial transactions) will be sent to the registered contact details.

SEBI Proposal to Allow AMCs to Manage Family Office Funds

• With fewer than 20 investors, or
• Where a single investor holds more than 25% of the corpus.
• New Revenue Stream: Opens a lucrative segment of the market for mutual funds—particularly from ultra-HNIs and global investors.
• For PMS Providers: Face erosion of exclusivity, especially in high-value accounts. Opportunity to differentiate through bespoke services, active management, and fiduciary advisory models.

FACE Issues Code of Conduct for Regtech Firms to Boost Regulatory Cooperation

• RegTech firms must fully cooperate with regulators during inspections.
• Provide access to: IT systems Data and documents Information from third-party vendors
• Information from third-party vendors
• FACE member firms must fully adopt the code within 6 months.

Trai Meets RBI, Sebi, MHA, Meity, other Regulators on Curbing Spam, Fraud

• Objective: Build coordinated strategies to protect consumers in a digital-first economy.
• The committee agreed on the phased implementation of the 1600-series for Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) commercial calls.
• Aims to replace unverifiable offline consent with a tamper-proof digital system for calls and SMS.
• Features of the mechanism: Digital registration, review, and revocation of user consents. A unified interface accessible to all telecom users.

Equity Mutual Funds May Soon Be Allowed to Invest in Gold and Silver: SEBI Proposal

• Current Regulation: Equity MFs are required to invest 65–80% of their corpus in equities.
• Proposed Flexibility: Under the new SEBI framework, optional allocation to precious metals such as gold and silver may be permitted for fund managers.
• The exposure to gold and silver will not be mandatory; it will be discretionary, allowing fund managers to decide based on their strategy and market outlook.
• This opens new diversification avenues within equity-oriented schemes.

Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index): RBI

• Jan Dhan Yojana Impact: Total Accounts Opened: 558.3 million Rural/Semi-urban: 372.6 million Metro: 185.7 million Women account holders: 311.3 million
• Three Dimensions: Access – 35% weight Usage – 45% weight Quality – 20% weight
• Access – 35% weight
• Usage – 45% weight

CoinDCX Launches Bounty Programme to Recover Stolen Crypto Assets

• Founded: 2018 by Sumit Gupta and Neeraj Khandelwal
• Objective: To recover stolen funds and identify perpetrators.
• Incentives: Up to 25% of recovered assets awarded for actionable inputs that help: Trace the stolen crypto Recover assets Identify and convict the culprits
• Up to 25% of recovered assets awarded for actionable inputs that help: Trace the stolen crypto Recover assets Identify and convict the culprits

Amalgamation of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)

• NABARD Study Findings (2021): Post-amalgamation, share of profitable and viable RRBs increased. Accumulated losses (% of total assets) declined. Capital adequacy and leverage ratios improved.
• Phase-I (2005–2010): RRBs reduced from 196 to 82 (same sponsor bank within a state).
• Phase-II (2012–2014): Reduced to 56 (cross-sponsor amalgamation in contiguous areas).
• Phase-III (2019–2021): Reduced to 43 by merging weak RRBs with stronger ones.

PayPal Integrates UPI for Cross-Border Payments under ‘PayPal World’

• Integrates nearly 2 billion global users into a unified ecosystem.
• New Capability: Indian UPI users will be able to make payments to international merchants, particularly in the United States, using UPI via PayPal checkout.
• Indian UPI users will be able to make payments to international merchants, particularly in the United States, using UPI via PayPal checkout.
• How It Works: At checkout, Indian users can select UPI as a payment option by clicking the PayPal button.

IRDAI Proposes Internal Insurance Ombudsman Framework to Strengthen Grievance Redressal

• Insurance regulator IRDAI proposed a framework that mandates a internal insurance ombudsman scheme for insurance companies with an aim to address complaints against claims up to Rs 50 lakh.
• Jurisdiction and Powers Internal Insurance Ombudsman can hear complaints involving claims up to ₹50 lakh. Ombudsman decisions will be binding on the insurer.
• Internal Insurance Ombudsman can hear complaints involving claims up to ₹50 lakh.
• Minimum age at entry: 55 years

Net FDI in India Drops Sharply in May 2025: RBI

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in its July 2025 bulletin reported a 98.2% decline in net foreign direct investment (FDI) in May 2025 compared to the same month last year.
• United States(accounted for over 75% of total inflows)

Cooperative Banks Rejoin Call Money Market via NDS-CALL Platform: RBI Bulletin

• September 29, 2022 (FIMMDA Notification)mandated that all eligible participants in Call, Notice, and Term money markets obtain NDS-CALL membership, shifting market operations toward formal electronic platforms.
• Cooperative banks’ participation in the call money market declined after the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) made membership on the NDS-CALL trading platform mandatory. However, their participation has seen a revival in recent months, as per the RBI’s July 2025 bulletin.
• Regulatory Directives: April 1, 2021 (RBI Master Direction) and September 29, 2022 (FIMMDA Notification)mandated that all eligible participants in Call, Notice, and Term money markets obtain NDS-CALL membership, shifting market operations toward formal electronic platforms.
• April 1, 2021 (RBI Master Direction) and

Outward Remittances Under LRS Decline

• Launched: 2004
• As per the Reserve Bank of India’s latest monthly bulletin, outward remittances under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) fell by 4.4% year-on-year in May 2025, amounting to $2.3 billion, compared to the same month in 2024. The fall was primarily driven by reduced spending on international travel and overseas education.
• A scheme by RBI allowing Indian residents to send up to $250,000 abroad per financial year for various permitted purposes without seeking prior approval.

SBI Aims to Join Top 10 Global Banks by Market Cap in 5 Years

• Chairman C.S. Setty announced on July 23, 2025, that State Bank of India (SBI) aspires to be among the top 10 global banks by market capitalisation over the next five years. The statement followed the listing of SBI's ₹25,000 crore Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP) issue, the largest ever by an Indian firm.
• Capital Usage: Proceeds to boost Common Equity Tier 1 (CET-1) capital to 11.50% (from 10.81% as of March 31, 2025) Supports credit growth across retail, MSME, and corporate sectors
• Proceeds to boost Common Equity Tier 1 (CET-1) capital to 11.50% (from 10.81% as of March 31, 2025)
• Strategic Ambition: SBI aims to enter the top 10 global banks by market cap by 2030. Currently ranks 27th globally (as per Bloomberg data, July 22, 2025). HDFC Bank ranks 11th; ICICI Bank ranks 17th.

Kotak Mahindra Bank Launches ‘Solitaire’ Programme to Target Affluent Customers

• Eligibility Criteria: Salaried individuals: Relationship value of ₹75 lakh Self-employed individuals: Relationship value of ₹1 crore
• Salaried individuals: Relationship value of ₹75 lakh
• Self-employed individuals: Relationship value of ₹1 crore
• ₹8 crore in pre-approved credit lines across home loans, personal loans, and credit cards

NSE Issues Rulebook for Retail Algo Trading

• Rise in Algo Trading: In FY25, algo trades accounted for 70% of notional turnover in equity derivatives, as per the NSE Market Pulse Report.
• In FY25, algo trades accounted for 70% of notional turnover in equity derivatives, as per the NSE Market Pulse Report.
• Mandatory Registration of Algo Strategies: All retail algo strategies must be registered through the broker and will be issued a Unique Algo ID by the exchange. Strategies generating over 10 orders per second must mandatorily register.
• Strategies generating over 10 orders per second must mandatorily register.

RBI Flags Cautious Optimism Amid Economic and External Sector Challenges

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released its State of the Economy Report (July 2025) and monthly external sector data for May, highlighting resilient growth drivers like agriculture and services, but warning of volatility in macroeconomic indicators, external fragility, and inflation risks.
• Industrial Output: IIP at 9-month low (May 2025)
• IIP at 9-month low (May 2025)
• Net FDI: Only $4 million in May vs $2.2 billion in May 2024

Equitas Small Finance Bank Launches FCNR (B) Deposit

• On July 23, 2025, Equitas Small Finance Bank announced two specialized banking products to serve the financial needs of Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Indian seafarers:
• Estimated Indian seafarer base: Over 2.85 lakh (as per Directorate General of Shipping, 2023)
• Aimed at more than 35.4 million NRIs worldwide
• NRIs and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) employed in: Foreign shipping companies Merchant navy Oil rigs

KredX–Canara Bank Tie-Up to Boost MSME Access to Digital Trade Finance

• Canara Bank’s Role: Leverages its nationwide reach (9,500+ branches) and PSU reputation. Enhances financing capacity for MSMEs and supply chain partners.
• Bridging MSME Credit Gap: The partnership aims to address India’s massive ₹30 lakh crore MSME credit gap by offering collateral-free, low-cost working capital through receivable discounting.
• The partnership aims to address India’s massive ₹30 lakh crore MSME credit gap by offering collateral-free, low-cost working capital through receivable discounting.
• DTX Platform Advantages: RBI-approved platform under the TReDS (Trade Receivables Discounting System) framework. Enables real-time bidding on trade receivables by financiers. Offers seamless onboarding, intuitive UX, and intelligent automation.

National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)

• Legal Backing: Section 132(1), Companies Act, 2013
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Unlisted public companies meeting any of the following: Paid-up capital ≥ ₹500 crore Turnover ≥ ₹1,000 crore Outstanding loans/deposits/debentures ≥ ₹500 crore
• Paid-up capital ≥ ₹500 crore

NSDL to Launch ₹4,000 Crore IPO

• Established: 1996
• Second Listed Depository: NSDL will become the second publicly listed depository in India after Central Depository Services (India) Ltd (CDSL), which was listed in 2017 on the NSE.
• NSDL will become the second publicly listed depository in India after Central Depository Services (India) Ltd (CDSL), which was listed in 2017 on the NSE.
• Purpose: To raise funds from new investors for expansion, debt repayment, or other business needs.

PayPal World: A Unified Platform for Global Payments and Digital Wallets

• Expected to launch globally in Fall 2025, with initial support for PayPal and Venmo.
• Cross-Border Convenience: Enables users to shop, pay, and send money internationally using their domestic wallets and currencies.
• Currency Flexibility: No need for foreign exchange conversion or switching between apps.
• Interoperability: Launch partners include: Mercado Pago NPCI International Payments (UPI) Tenpay Global Venmo PayPal itself

Hong Kong Monetary Authority Fines Indian Overseas Bank’s HK Branch for AML Violations

• Founded: 1937
• The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) has imposed a penalty of HK$850,000 (approx. ₹9.3 crore) on the Hong Kong branch of Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) for breaches of Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter-Terrorist Financing (CTF) regulations.
• Headquarters: Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Directive Issued: IOB must review transaction alerts generated by its transaction monitoring system. The bank is required to submit a remedial action plan to the HKMA addressing compliance gaps.

Shriram Life Insurance Partners with ESAF Small Finance Bank to Boost Financial Inclusion

• Objective: To enhance insurance penetration among first-time buyers, low-income families, and rural households.
• Target Segment: Households earning ₹4–15 lakh annually, especially those traditionally excluded from formal insurance.
• Households earning ₹4–15 lakh annually, especially those traditionally excluded from formal insurance.
• On July 23, 2025, Shriram Life Insurance Company (SLIC) announced a strategic partnership with ESAF Small Finance Bank to distribute life insurance products to underserved communities across India. ESAF will serve as a corporate agent, offering Shriram Life’s insurance solutions through its extensive branch network.

SEBI Proposes Eased Disclosure Norms for Listed Non-Convertible Securities

• For other issuers (e.g., statutory bodies, trusts), SEBI proposes a minimum 21-day notice period before meetings—mirroring Companies Act provisions.
• For companies governed by the Companies Act, 2013, existing statutory deadlines remain unchanged.
• On July 25, 2025, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) released a consultation paper proposing amendments to disclosure obligations for issuers of listed non-convertible securities, including debentures and hybrid instruments.
• Current rule: Issuers are required to send hard copies of the annual report summary to debenture holders without registered email IDs.

UPI Needs a Sustainable Financial Model, Says RBI Governor Malhotra

• UPI volumes doubled from 31 crore to 60 crore transactions per day over the last two years.
• Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) was reduced to zero on Jan 1, 2020, to promote UPI adoption.
• With daily UPI transactions crossing 60 crore, RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra has emphasized the urgent need for a sustainable financial model to support and maintain India’s fast-growing digital payments infrastructure.
• Currently, the government is subsidizing UPI transactions, enabling the system to remain free for users and merchants.

Bima Sakhi Yojana

• To advance SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and the Lakhpati Didi mission.
• Over 2 crore Lakhpati Didis expected by August 15, 2025.
• Union Minister for Rural Development and Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan, formally launched the ‘Bima Sakhi Yojana’, a flagship scheme focused on financial empowerment and social inclusion of rural women through insurance facilitation. This scheme is aligned with the ‘Insurance for All by 2047’ mission and supports broader government initiatives such as Aatmanirbhar Bharat, Digital India, and Jan Suraksha.
• Act as insurance facilitators, not just agents.

Federal Bank Launches Biometric Authentication for Online Card Transactions

• Federal Bank, in collaboration with fintech partners M2P and MinkasuPay, has launched India’s first biometric authentication solution for e-commerce card payments. This initiative marks a significant step toward enhancing security, speed, and user experience in digital payments.
• A biometric-based authentication system that replaces the traditional OTP-based two-factor authentication (2FA) for online card transactions.
• Users can verify transactions using Fingerprint or Face ID on compatible devices.
• M2P Fintech (backend infrastructure)

BAANKNET Boosts PSB Property E-Auction Success

• e-Bikray was launched in February 2019 as a centralised PSB property sale portal.
• Public sector banks (PSBs) have witnessed a major leap in recovery of stressed assets through their revamped property e-auction platform, BAANKNET, which became operational on July 1, 2024 and was formally launched in January 2025.
• Unified platform used by all 12 nationalised banks and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
• Behavioural impact on defaulters:Some borrowers initiate One-Time Settlement (OTS) negotiations once listed, mirroring trends seen after NCLT adoption.

Financial Inclusion Index (FI Index)

• Account ownership has expanded under schemes like Jan Dhan Yojana, supported by Aadhaar and mobile penetration.
• The FI Index is a composite measure that captures the extent of financial inclusion across India using three key parameters:
• Remote and underserved regions may continue to face financial exclusion, unreflected in the national score.
• Informal sector workers remain largely excluded from insurance and pension coverage.

Reforming India's KYC Framework

• Mandatory across: Banks, insurers, stockbrokers, mutual funds, demat accounts, and NPS.
• Key repositories: CKYC (by CERSAI): For banking & insurance. KRAs (by SEBI): For securities intermediaries.
• CKYC (by CERSAI): For banking & insurance.
• Adopt SEBI’s portability model across all financial regulators.

Payment Banks Seek Relaxation in RBI Norms

• Current SLR Norm: Payment banks must invest 75% of their demand deposits in government securities (G-Secs) with maturities up to 1 year. The remaining 25% must be held in current or fixed deposits with scheduled commercial banks.
• Payment banks must invest 75% of their demand deposits in government securities (G-Secs) with maturities up to 1 year.
• The remaining 25% must be held in current or fixed deposits with scheduled commercial banks.
• Rationale: Current restrictions limit margin growth. A reduction could improve net interest margins (NIMs) by 50 bps to 1%.

Government Identifies Priority Sectors to Boost FDI

• Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) Focus on mobile phones, semiconductors, and components. Strong investor response due to the PLI scheme and global push to diversify from China. Firms like Foxconn and their vendors have invested heavily.
• Strong investor response due to the PLI scheme and global push to diversify from China.
• Electric Vehicles (EVs) Growing demand domestically. Entry of firms like VinFast. Import concession scheme introduced to attract manufacturers.
• Import concession scheme introduced to attract manufacturers.

RBI Grants In-Principle Authorisation to Xflow as Cross-Border Online Payment Aggregator

• Make currency conversion decisions,
• Other fintechs with RBI in-principle PA-CB approvals include: Skydo, BriskPe, PayPal, EximPe, and Wise. Only six firms have full RBI PA-CB licences: Adyen India, Amazon Pay India, Cashfree Payments, BillDesk, Pay10, and Worldline ePayments India.
• Adyen India, Amazon Pay India, Cashfree Payments, BillDesk, Pay10, and Worldline ePayments India.
• Xflow now authorised to act as a cross-border payment aggregator, facilitating digital payment flows for businesses engaged in international trade.

IRDAI to Mandate Internal Insurance Ombudsman in All Insurers to Strengthen Grievance Redressal Mechanism

• Applicable to all insurers except reinsurers with >3 years of operations.
• The Internal Insurance Ombudsman will: Handle unresolved or escalated complaints. Cover complaints up to ₹50 lakh in claim value.
• Cover complaints up to ₹50 lakh in claim value.
• Experience: Minimum 20 years in the insurance sector.

SEBI Lifts Trading Ban on Jane Street

• The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has lifted trading restrictions on US-based high-frequency trading (HFT) firm Jane Street after the company deposited ₹4,844 crore into an escrow account. The action stems from SEBI’s ongoing investigation into alleged index manipulation on derivatives expiry days.

Federal Bank Launches India's First Biometric Authentication for E-Commerce Card Transactions

• Founded: 1931
• Headquarters: Aluva, Kerala
• Federal Bank, in collaboration with fintech partners M2P and MinkasuPay, has introduced India’s first biometric authentication solution for e-commerce card transactions. This marks a significant leap in enhancing online transaction security and user convenience.
• Biometric-Based Login: Customers can now authenticate purchases using fingerprint or face ID, replacing traditional OTP-based authentication.

One District One Product (ODOP) & Districts as Export Hubs (DEH)

• Launched by: DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce & Industry
• A District Export Promotion Committee (DEPC) oversees implementation, supported by state-level Export Promotion Committees.
• Objective: Identify, brand, and promote one unique product or service per district to: Boost local manufacturing Attract investment Promote exports Generate local employment
• Supports MSMEs in: Participating in international fairs, exhibitions, seminars, buyer-seller meets abroad Market intelligence and cost reimbursements for exports Enhancing export-readiness and building global competitiveness

UPI Set to Introduce Biometric Authentication for Transactions

• UPI users may soon authenticate transactions using biometric data (facial recognition or fingerprint) instead of a 4/6-digit PIN.
• Aims to provide greater convenience, especially for elderly or less tech-savvy users.
• A demo is likely to be presented at the 2025 Global Fintech Fest.
• Leverages India’s biometric infrastructure (e.g., Aadhaar-linked data and mobile biometric sensors).

RBI Proposes New Regime for Co-op Bank Branch Expansion

• Asset Quality: Net NPAs must not exceed 3%.
• Eligibility Conditions under ECBA: Capital Adequacy: Must meet the minimum regulatory Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). Asset Quality: Net NPAs must not exceed 3%. Profitability: Net profit reported in the preceding two financial years; no accumulated losses. Liquidity Compliance: No default in CRR or SLR during the current or preceding financial year. Technology: Must have fully implemented Core Banking Solutions (CBS). Governance: Should have at least two professional directors on the board. Regulatory Clean Status: Should not be under RBI directions, Supervisory Action Framework (SAF), or Prompt Corrective Action (PCA).
• Profitability: Net profit reported in the preceding two financial years; no accumulated losses.
• Governance: Should have at least two professional directors on the board.

BoI Mutual Fund Launches Midcap Fund Targeting Growth Sectors

• Bank of India Mutual Fund (BoI MF) has launched a new midcap equity scheme to tap into India’s growing midcap segment across high-potential sectors.
• Investment Focus: Invests in midcap companies across financials, industrials, healthcare, and consumer sectors. Emphasizes quality businesses with scalable models, sectoral tailwinds, and proven execution.
• Invests in midcap companies across financials, industrials, healthcare, and consumer sectors.
• Aims to balance growth and risk by targeting firms with competitive advantages and strong management teams.

LIC Enters Bond Derivatives Market to Hedge Interest Rate Risk

• The last two auctions for long-term bonds saw record bid-to-cover ratios in FY26 (since April 1).
• This instrument is vital for insurers to stabilize portfolio returns amid uncertain interest rate cycles.
• LIC’s aggressive FRA participation: Deepens India’s bond derivatives market Enhances risk management practices among institutional investors Aligns with global standards in insurance portfolio management
• Enhances risk management practices among institutional investors

MSME Ministry Simplifies SPICE Scheme to Promote Circular Economy

• Eligible Sectors: The scheme covers 11 sectors, including plastics, rubber, and electronic waste.
• The scheme covers 11 sectors, including plastics, rubber, and electronic waste.
• Subsidy Details: Maximum project cost admissible: ₹50 lakh Subsidy amount: 25% of the plant and machinery cost MSEs must apply through banks or Participating Financial Institutions (PFIs).
• Maximum project cost admissible: ₹50 lakh

IMF Upgrades India’s FY26 Growth Forecast to 6.4%

• Global projections: Global GDP growth: 2025: 3% (↑ 20 bps from April forecast) 2026: 3.1% (↑ 10 bps)
• Global GDP growth: 2025: 3% (↑ 20 bps from April forecast) 2026: 3.1% (↑ 10 bps)
• 2025: 3% (↑ 20 bps from April forecast)
• 2026: 3.1% (↑ 10 bps)

RBI Eases Investment Norms for Banks and NBFCs in AIFs

• Overall Cap on Collective Investment: Total investment by all REs in a single AIF scheme capped at 20% of the scheme’s total corpus.
• Total investment by all REs in a single AIF scheme capped at 20% of the scheme’s total corpus.
• Individual Cap: Single RE’s contribution capped at 10% of an AIF scheme's corpus
• Single RE’s contribution capped at 10% of an AIF scheme's corpus

SEBI Allows Pilot Testing of Fractional Shares in Innovation Sandbox

• First-of-its-kind approval: Bengaluru-based startup Xaults has become the first company allowed to test fractional shares in SEBI's innovation sandbox.
• Bengaluru-based startup Xaults has become the first company allowed to test fractional shares in SEBI's innovation sandbox.
• Fractional shares represent portions of a whole share of a company's stock or an exchange-traded fund (ETF). Instead of purchasing an entire share, investors can buy a fraction, allowing them to invest amounts that align with their financial goals.
• This ensures ownership remains with the investor, enabling brokers to offer fractional shares while maintaining transparency and legal clarity.

New Digital Credit Assessment Model for MSMEs

• Objective decision-making mechanisms for Existing-to-Bank (ETB) and New-to-Bank (NTB) borrowers with system-generated limit assessment.
• Bank statement analysis through account aggregators
• Automated Loan Journeys: Objective decision-making mechanisms for Existing-to-Bank (ETB) and New-to-Bank (NTB) borrowers with system-generated limit assessment.
• Applications Sanctioned (1 April – 15 July 2025):A total of 98,995 MSME loan applications approved using the new model.

RBI Launches 111th Industrial Outlook Survey and 46th Services & Infrastructure Survey

• Future Outlook: Includes projections for Q4:2025–26 and Q1:2026–27 on key business parameters.
• Forward-Looking Perspective: Also collects expectations for Q4:2025–26 and Q1:2026–27.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has launched the 111th round of the Industrial Outlook Survey (IOS) and the 46th round of the Services and Infrastructure Outlook Survey (SIOS) to assess the evolving business climate across key sectors of the Indian economy.
• Coverage Period: Current Quarter: Q2:2025–26 Ensuing Quarter: Q3:2025–26

RBI Lifts Corrective Action Plan on Religare Finvest Limited

• Recent Development: REL received ₹1,500 crore growth capital through preferential allotment at ₹235 per share. The investment was led by the Burman family of Dabur, who are the promoter group of REL.
• REL received ₹1,500 crore growth capital through preferential allotment at ₹235 per share.
• Background: RBI had imposed CAP on RFL in January 2018 due to regulatory lapses. CAP is a supervisory framework to restore financial health in NBFCs and banks with identified risks.
• RBI had imposed CAP on RFL in January 2018 due to regulatory lapses.

SBI Securities Launches Zero-Fee Intraday Trading Plan 'ProZero'

• Other Trading Services: Non-intraday trading activities continue under the existing flat fee structure of ₹20 per order.
• Non-intraday trading activities continue under the existing flat fee structure of ₹20 per order.
• SBICAP Securities Limited, a subsidiary of State Bank of India (SBI), has launched ‘ProZero’, a new trading plan aimed at retail investors, offering zero brokerage on intraday trades.
• Launched by: SBICAP Securities Ltd (SBI Securities)

Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025

• The threshold for “substantial interest” in banks revised from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore.
• Director tenure extended to 10 years (from 8 years), except for chairperson and full-time directors.
• The Ministry of Finance has notified the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025, bringing into force comprehensive changes across five key banking legislations to modernize governance, improve transparency, and enhance depositor safety.
• Adjusts for inflation and sectoral expansion since 1968.

Indian Overseas Bank Reverts to Old Internet Banking Interface

• IOB migrated to a new internet banking system on Saturday (July 27, 2025).
• Indian Overseas Bank (IOB), a public sector bank, has announced a temporary rollback to its old internet banking interface after technical failures disrupted customer access on its new platform.
• Customers reported frequent login failures, with the interface going down intermittently.
• Issues persisted for several days, impacting digital banking services such as fund transfers, account access, and transactions.

SEBI Tightens Surveillance Framework for Small-Cap Stocks

• SEBI has introduced a revamped Enhanced Surveillance Mechanism (ESM) framework for small- and micro-cap companies, effective July 29, 2025. The move aims to curb speculative trading and protect retail investors amid overheated small-cap valuations.
• Stage 1: 100% margin requirement, trade-for-trade settlement, 5% price band from T+2.
• Existing 2% price band stocks will retain the same cap.
• Market Capitalization Filter: Stocks with market cap below ₹1,000 crore, often lacking liquidity and disclosures, will face increased scrutiny.

MSME Capacity Utilisation Improved in Q1 FY26: SIDBI Survey

• MSME Business Expectations Index (M-BEI): 62.19 for July–September 2025 67.88 for Q1 FY27 Indicates continued optimism despite global trade challenges.
• The Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) released the third edition of its "MSME Outlook Survey", revealing a positive trend in capacity utilisation among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) during the first quarter of FY2025–26.
• Around 21% of manufacturing and 20% of services MSMEs reported above-normal capacity utilisation.
• Up from 12–14% in the previous quarter, showing a sharp uptick in operational activity.

NABARD and ICAR-NIRCA Collaborate to Train FPOs

• The collaboration aims to train Farmers’ Producers Organisations (FPOs) and farmers in: Post-harvest management Processing technologies for turmeric and chilli

India's Fertiliser Paradox: Need for a New National Fertiliser Policy

• India mirrors China's pre-2015 fertiliser subsidy mistakes, which led to overapplication and environmental degradation.
• Current N:P:K usage ratio: 6.7:2.7:1 (vs. recommended 4:2:1) Overuse of Nitrogen (N): 67.5% Overuse of Phosphorus (P): 35%
• Overuse of Nitrogen (N): 67.5%
• Overuse of Phosphorus (P): 35%

Jhum/Shifting Cultivation

• Short Cultivation Cycle: Food crops like rice, maize, roots, and tubers are grown until yield declines.
• Ecosystem-sensitive: Long fallows allow forests to regenerate; secondary vegetation helps prevent erosion and supports biodiversity.

Government to Develop ‘Co-operative Stack’ Through PACS for Rural Scheme Delivery

• It is being built on the model of Agri Stack, which consolidates farmer data, including land records, crop details, and government scheme usage.
• The Reserve Bank of India previously restricted PACS activity due to lack of transparency — an issue now being addressed through digitisation.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS)

• Launched: 15 August 2024
• Current Reach: ~30,000 users (farmers & extension workers)
• Planned Expansion: Up to 146 million farmers
• Annual crop losses due to pests, weeds, and diseases: 10–35%

KisaanSay to Partner with 500 FPOs Under Co-Branded Profit-Sharing Model

• Expansion Plan: KisaanSay plans to collaborate with 500 FPOs over the next 4–5 years, up from 20 currently engaged.
• KisaanSay plans to collaborate with 500 FPOs over the next 4–5 years, up from 20 currently engaged.
• Current Reach: The company has reached 50,000 farmers through its network and offers over 100 farm-based products.
• The company has reached 50,000 farmers through its network and offers over 100 farm-based products.

One-Nation-One-Licence for Micro-Fertiliser Manufacturers Amid Over-Regulation

• Compliance Burden: Over-regulation leads to compliance costs of 8–15%, passed on to farmers. Micronutrient fertilisers require multiple registrations, state depots, and face frequent inspections.
• Over-regulation leads to compliance costs of 8–15%, passed on to farmers. Micronutrient fertilisers require multiple registrations, state depots, and face frequent inspections.
• Growth Sector: Micronutrient fertilisers are one of the fastest-growing segments in Indian agriculture, with FY2025 consumption at 6.35 lakh tonnes and a 7.1% CAGR, mainly driven by cereals and grains.
• Micronutrient fertilisers are one of the fastest-growing segments in Indian agriculture, with FY2025 consumption at 6.35 lakh tonnes and a 7.1% CAGR, mainly driven by cereals and grains.

Status of Youth in Agrifood Systems: FAO Report

• Declining Youth Participation in Agrifood Systems Youth working in agrifood systems declined from 54% in 2005 to 44%. Despite high reliance on agriculture in low-income countries, youth engagement is falling.
• Youth working in agrifood systems declined from 54% in 2005 to 44%.
• Rising Youth Food Insecurity Youth facing moderate or severe food insecurity has risen from 16.7% (2014) to 24.4% (2023), with the sharpest rise in Africa and crisis-hit areas.
• Youth facing moderate or severe food insecurity has risen from 16.7% (2014) to 24.4% (2023), with the sharpest rise in Africa and crisis-hit areas.

Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs)

• To enhance precision in crop yield estimation for kharif and rabi seasons of 2025–26.
• Standardized Plot Size Each plot has a fixed size, typically depending on crop and region (e.g., 5m × 5m for wheat).
• Each plot has a fixed size, typically depending on crop and region (e.g., 5m × 5m for wheat).
• Existing estimates cover only 25–26 major crops such as rice, maize, jowar.

Dvara E-Registry Launches Micro Loan Against Property (Micro LAP) for Agri Stakeholders

• Product Purpose: Provides longer-term, secured credit using immovable assets as collateral. Targets agri-entrepreneurs and farmers for enterprise growth, diversification, and livelihood stability. Expands beyond traditional short-tenure farm loans.
• Targets agri-entrepreneurs and farmers for enterprise growth, diversification, and livelihood stability.
• KhetScore: AI-powered, satellite-based credit scoring engine. Analyzes crop health, land use, and irrigation to assist lenders.
• Analyzes crop health, land use, and irrigation to assist lenders.

Country’s First Honeybee Flora Park (Beekeeping Centre)

• Operational Overview: Launched: 2018 Location: 3-acre campus in Thazhakara grama panchayat Honey Procured: Over 50,000 kg from local farmers In-house Production: Around 2 tonnes annually from 200 beehives (stingless and Indian honeybees)
• Launched: 2018
• Honey Procured: Over 50,000 kg from local farmers
• Training & Farmer Support: 1,500+ farmers trained to date Trained farmers eligible for 40% subsidy on beehives and equipment via Central/State schemes

Kerala Signs Landmark MoU to Accelerate Climate-Resilient Farming

• In a decisive move to strengthen climate resilience in agriculture, the Kerala Climate Resilient Agri Value Chain Modernization Project (KERA) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Kerala Agricultural University (KAU). The agreement, signed on July 6, 2025, seeks to institutionalize advanced, low-emission, climate-smart farming practices across Kerala’s varied agro-climatic zones.
• Capacity Building and Digital Tools: Training programs for farmers and extension workers will be rolled out, backed by ICT-based platforms for continuous learning and decision support.
• Training programs for farmers and extension workers will be rolled out, backed by ICT-based platforms for continuous learning and decision support.

India to Launch First Weather Derivatives

• Why It Matters: Over 70–90% of India’s rainfall occurs during the monsoon, impacting crops, transportation, and agri-value chains. Current insurance models are slow and coverage-limited. Derivatives provide faster, market-driven risk mitigation.
• Over 70–90% of India’s rainfall occurs during the monsoon, impacting crops, transportation, and agri-value chains.
• Future Steps: Capacity-building for stakeholders. Joint research and development of temperature- and wind-based products. Potential policy and regulatory backing from SEBI and the Ministry of Agriculture.
• Purpose of the MoU: Develop and introduce weather-based derivative products, starting with rainfall-linked contracts, to help stakeholders hedge against climate-related risks.

Urea: A Key Fertilizer in Indian Agriculture

• High Nutrient Efficiency: Contains 46% nitrogen by weight, making it highly efficient and cost-effective.
• Nitrogen Loss: Up to 50% nitrogen can be lost due to volatilization or leaching if poorly managed.
• The Department of Fertilizers has prohibited fertiliser companies from planning any plant shutdowns in FY2025–26, citing the need to ensure adequate urea availability during both kharif and rabi seasons. The directive was issued via a government note dated July 3, 2025, shared with top urea manufacturers.
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of crops and climatic zones.

iTrapper: Smart Light Trap to Target Pests & Save Beneficial Insects

• Biodiversity Preservation: Does not kill beneficial insects
• Smart Features (Export Version): Bluetooth & mobile app support Cloud data integration Onboard camera for hourly image capture Predictive pest advisories based on AI and weather analysis

CRISPR-Edited Rice Enhances Phosphorus Uptake and Yield: NIPGR

• Even with phosphate fertilizers, only 15–20% is absorbed by plants; the rest is lost due to leaching or runoff.
• Rice absorbs phosphate via root transporters and transfers it to shoots through another transporter, OsPHO1;2.
• Researchers targeted the regulation of OsPHO1;2 to improve phosphate translocation from root to shoot.
• Yield Boost: 20% increase in yield with recommended P dose. 40% increase with only 10% of recommended P fertilizer.

National Workshop on DBT Portal 2.0 & NaMo Drone Didi Yojana Held

• Online Centralized Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Platform Version 2.0
• Aimed at small and marginal farmers
• Flagship women-centric scheme empowering Self-Help Group (SHG) members to use drones for: Spraying fertilizers, pesticides, and other agro-chemicals
• Features: Improved transparency and digital workflows Faster subsidy disbursal under Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) End of manual bottlenecks and delays

Indian Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla Conducts Agri-Biotech Experiments on ISS

• Objective: Study the impact of microgravity on seed germination and early plant development.
• Pioneers astro-agriculture and space biomedicine using indigenous Indian crops.
• Lays foundation for space-based life support systems, crucial for future Mars or lunar missions.
• Post-Mission Plan:Seeds to be cultivated over multiple generations to observe: Genetic adaptations Microbial ecosystem shifts Changes in nutritional profiles

National Fish Farmers Day 2025

• National Fish Farmers Day 2025 was celebrated on 10th July to acknowledge the vital contribution of India’s fish farmers in ensuring food security, enhancing employment, and promoting sustainable aquaculture as part of the country’s growing Blue Economy.
• Launch Date: 2020
•  Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is a flagship scheme launched by the Indian government to promote the sustainable and responsible development of the fisheries sector. Launch Date: 2020 Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. 
• The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is a flagship scheme launched by the Indian government to promote the sustainable and responsible development of the fisheries sector. Launch Date: 2020 Ministry: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. 

Seven New Products Added to e-NAM Platform

• Launched: 2016
• Nodal Agency: Small Farmers’ Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC)

Google Launches AI Tools to Boost Indian Agriculture and Linguistic Inclusion

• On July 11, 2025, Google announced a series of open-source AI innovations and research partnerships designed to address India’s key challenges in agriculture and multilingual AI inclusivity. The announcement was made at a roundtable hosted at Google’s Bengaluru office, Ananta.
• Built on the Agricultural Landscape Understanding framework.
• Under the Amplify Initiative, Google DeepMind is partnering with IIT-Kharagpur to build hyperlocal datasets representing India’s linguistic and cultural diversity.
• Aims to ensure Large Language Models (LLMs) are deeply contextualised, culturally aware, and relevant to India’s plurality.

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in India

• Current Scale and Reach: Over 33,000 registered FPOs in India. 66% are less than 4 years old, earning ₹700–800 per member annually. Supported by the Central Sector Scheme (CSS) to promote 10,000 FPOs.
• 66% are less than 4 years old, earning ₹700–800 per member annually.
• Supported by the Central Sector Scheme (CSS) to promote 10,000 FPOs.
• FPOs as Economic Collectives: Introduced in early 2000s to enhance farmer incomes, improve market access, and build bargaining power by consolidating SMFs into producer enterprises.

Smart Agriculture

• But the future must go beyond transactional support toward regenerative, inclusive systems that respect farmers’ emotional and ecological context.
• India resists GM crops to protect biodiversity and traditional knowledge.
• Sustainable agriculture is dharma—a duty to: Future generations The environment The food providers
• The food providers

India–Saudi Fertilizer Agreement for DAP Imports

• Duration: Five years (FY 2025–30), extendable by mutual consent.
• Five years (FY 2025–30), extendable by mutual consent.
• Volume Commitment: 3.1 MMT per annum of DAP—30 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LMT) total over five years.
• 3.1 MMT per annum of DAP—30 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LMT) total over five years.

NABARD Launches RuralTech CoLab to Boost Innovation in Rural Ecosystem

• On its 44th Foundation Day (July 13, 2025), the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) launched RuralTech CoLab, a dedicated portal to unify and support rural technology start-ups in India.
• A tech-enabled platform aimed at bringing together fintechs, agritechs, and digital service providers.
• The portal provides a structured and transparent onboarding mechanism for tech partners to work with NABARD.
• Partners will gain access to NABARD’s grassroots network: Self-Help Groups (SHGs) Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) Cooperative Banks NGOs Rural Institutions

Punjab Agricultural University to Begin GM Maize Field Trials

• Field trials for genetically modified (GM) maize are set to begin in Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, during the 2025 kharif season, following approval from the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) and the Punjab government.
• Research Institution: Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)
• Fears of biosafety risks, cross-pollination, and herbicide overuse.
• Regulatory Authority: Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India

TAFE and ICRISAT Join Hands to Launch Adaptive Agriculture Research Centre in Hyderabad

• Educate farmers on: Sustainable agricultural practices Soil conservation techniques Efficient water management strategies
• Develop and demonstrate farm mechanisation technologies tailored to small and marginal farmers.
• The JFarm centre will include: Training facilities for farmers Research plots for adaptive trials Technology demonstrations for modern, eco-friendly farm practices
• Training facilities for farmers

Sai Subhiksha Kisan Health Card

• Beneficiaries: Farmers, particularly those engaged in ragi cultivation, were honoured at the launch. Over 1,500 farmers attended the event.
• Launch Event: Titled “Seeding the Future – Together with the Farmers”
• Organisers: Sri Madhusudhan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSIMSR) Subhiksha Organic Farmers Multi-State Co-Operative Society Ltd.
• Subhiksha Organic Farmers Multi-State Co-Operative Society Ltd.

Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)

• Duration: 6 years (from FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31).
• Total Outlay: ₹24,000 crore per year.
• Total Beneficiaries: 1.7 crore farmers across India.
• Monthly Dashboard Monitoring using 117 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

ICAR’s 97th Foundation Day

• Launch of helpline number to report: Spurious seeds and fertilizers. Unregulated bio-stimulants (over 30,000 flagged for action).
• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) celebrated its 97th Foundation Day on 16 July 2025 in New Delhi, marked by the participation of farmers, agricultural scientists, and policymakers. Union Minister of Agriculture addressed the gathering and announced several transformative initiatives aimed at sustainable and technology-driven farming.
• Technology transfer to farmers via training, exhibitions, publications, and Krishi Vigyan Kendras.
• 500+ research priorities identified for region-specific and crop-specific innovations.

India–Argentina 2nd Joint Working Group Meeting on Agriculture

• Carbon credit systems for farmers
• Credit and insurance for farmers
• South-South Cooperation: The meeting bolsters global south collaboration, sharing best practices between two major agricultural economies.

Cooperative Sugar Mills Shift to Grain-Based Ethanol

• Molasses Limitation: Molasses is a byproduct of sugarcane processing, which only occurs for 4–5 months a year. This restricts molasses-based ethanol production to ~200 operational days.
• Molasses is a byproduct of sugarcane processing, which only occurs for 4–5 months a year.
• Strategic Move for Ethanol Blending Goals: Supports India’s target of 20% ethanol blending with petrol (E20).
• Supports India’s target of 20% ethanol blending with petrol (E20).

Agriculture Reform Needs More than an Umbrella Scheme: PMDDKY

• Targeted Approach: Focus on 100 low-productivity districts, identified using criteria such as cropping intensity and low credit disbursement, modeled on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme.
• Monitoring Framework: Progress to be tracked using 117 key indicators on a monthly basis by the Centre.
• The Union Cabinet recently approved the PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY), aiming to unify 36 existing schemes across 11 Central Departments to boost agricultural productivity and rural self-reliance. The scheme is set to launch in October 2025 during the rabi season, with an annual outlay of ₹24,000 crore for six years.
• Public-Private Partnership (PPP): Encourages collaboration with private sector actors for agri-infrastructure, credit, and value addition.

Maharashtra Grants Agricultural Status to Livestock & Poultry Farming

• On July 11, 2025, the Maharashtra Cabinet approved a historic policy decision to grant agricultural status to livestock and poultry farming, making Maharashtra the first Indian state to do so.
• Over 37 million livestock farmers in Maharashtra to benefit.
• Projected to boost annual rural income by ₹7,080 crore.
• This excluded livestock farmers from agriculture-specific benefits like subsidised power, institutional credit, and tax exemptions.

PM-Dhan Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

• Objectives: Crop diversification Promotion of sustainable farming Development of irrigation and post-harvest infrastructure Enhanced access to formal finance
• Monitoring Framework: 117 performance indicators will be tracked regularly across 100 identified districts.
• Over-monitoring Risk: Tracking 117 indicators monthly could lead to "box-ticking" rather than outcome-based implementation.
• Promote: Decentralised water budgeting Localised weather forecasting Align with NITI Aayog’s 2019 recommendation of water-focused state agricultural policy design.

Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS)

• Objective of the Scheme
• Under PDPS, the government pays farmers the difference between the actual market price and a pre-decided floor price (MIP) if market prices fall below the threshold.
• On July 22, 2025, the Government of India approved PDPS for 162,500 metric tonnes of Totapuri mangoes from Andhra Pradesh under its Market Intervention Scheme (MIS). The move follows a direct appeal from Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu to Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, seeking urgent relief due to falling prices.
• PDPS (Price Deficiency Payment Scheme) is a form of direct income support.

Organic Farming Promotion in India

• Objective: Promote organic farming in clusters, provide end-to-end support (production to marketing)
• Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Coverage: All States/UTs (except North Eastern States) Objective: Promote organic farming in clusters, provide end-to-end support (production to marketing)
• Introduced: Kharif 2016
• Objective: Develop organic value chains, including Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), for NE region

Use of Artificial Intelligence, IoT, and Drones in Indian Agriculture

• Type: Central Sector Scheme with ₹1,261 crore outlay.
• Progress: 1,094 drones distributed by fertilizer companies in 2023–24 using internal resources. Of these, 500 drones were allocated directly under the Namo Drone Didi scheme.
• Usage Stats: Handles 20,000+ queries daily; has responded to over 95 lakh farmer queries.
• Reach: 10,000+ extension workers currently use the system.

Specialty Fertilizers

• China Dependency: Over 80% of India’s specialty fertilizer imports, including WSF, foliar sprays, controlled-release formulations, and bio-stimulants, come from China.
• Supply Disruptions: In the past two months, Chinese authorities have curtailed exports to India using non-tariff barriers, though without a formal ban (as reported by ET on 26 June).
• The Indian government is exploring measures to ramp up domestic production of specialty fertilizers due to recent supply disruptions from China, which accounts for nearly 80% of India’s imports in this segment.
• Water-soluble fertilizers (WSF) like monoammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate

Parliamentary Panel Recommends Reforms in Organic Agriculture

• MSP for Organic Crops: Formalize the 20–30% premium via declared MSPs.
• Evaluation Revival: Resume third-party assessments (last done in 2018 by NILERD) to track progress.
• Input Support: Address shortages of bio-fertilizers and high labour costs through enhanced subsidies under schemes like MOVCDNER.
• Tech Access: Ensure affordable digital tools via partnerships with tech firms and agri-institutes.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

• Launched in 2015-16, the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) is a flagship scheme of the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. The aim is to ensure enhanced access to irrigation, water-use efficiency, and sustainable water resource management to benefit Indian farmers.
• Initially part of PMKSY, now under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) since January 2022.
• Ground Water Development (GW) – addresses areas with poor irrigation access (approved only till 2021–22 for committed liabilities).
• 3. Watershed Development Component (WDC)

How Smart Farming is Transforming Indian Agriculture

• The Indian horticulture sector contributes about 33 per cent to the agriculture Gross Value Added (GVA), making a very significant contribution to the Indian economy. As per a IBEF 2024 report.
• Over 70% of India’s cultivated land is degraded (NBSS&LUP, 2023).
• Horticulture contributes 33% to agricultural Gross Value Added (GVA).
• Drones deliver 30–35% yield gains and up to 70% savings in water and fertilisers.

IN-SPACe Launches Course on Space Technology for Agriculture

• On July 27, 2025, the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) launched a short-term course titled “Essentials of Space Technology in Agriculture Sector” in collaboration with ISRO, NCVET, and Amity University, Noida.
• Aims to bridge knowledge gaps and mainstream space technology into core economic sectors, especially agriculture.
• It is designed to introduce non-governmental stakeholders, academia, and young professionals to space-based applications in agriculture.
• Encourages multi-sectoral engagement, particularly among students, universities, and private organizations.

NABARD Rural Economic Conditions and Sentiments Survey (RECSS)

• Established: July 12, 1982
• Income Expectations: 74.7% of rural households expect their income to increase in the next year, the highest recorded so far. In the next quarter alone, 56.4% expect income improvement, and 56.2% anticipate better employment conditions.
• 74.7% of rural households expect their income to increase in the next year, the highest recorded so far.
• In the next quarter alone, 56.4% expect income improvement, and 56.2% anticipate better employment conditions.

PACS Computerization Project

• Revised Financial Outlay: Initially: ₹2,516 crore Revised: ₹2,925.39 crore
• Initially: ₹2,516 crore
• Revised: ₹2,925.39 crore
• Objective: To bring all functional PACS under a uniform ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software, enabling seamless data capture and integration of credit and non-credit activities.

NABARD Launches First Carbon Credit Pilot with 3,500 Mango Farmers in Karnataka

• Around 3,500 mango farmers are participating, with free saplings supplied by the forest department.
• Pilot structure: In collaboration with Karnataka’s horticulture and forest departments, the project focuses on biomass management and border tree plantations for farmers with mango orchards less than five years old. Around 3,500 mango farmers are participating, with free saplings supplied by the forest department.
• In collaboration with Karnataka’s horticulture and forest departments, the project focuses on biomass management and border tree plantations for farmers with mango orchards less than five years old.
• Carbon credit potential & payouts: However, compliance, auditing, and assessment delays have slowed initial payouts, though officials expect uptake to improve post first disbursement.

Tenant Farmers to Now Avail PMFBY and MSP Benefits

• According to NSO's 2018–19 survey, 17.3% of 101.98 million operational holdings were leased-in.
• Leased-in land constituted 13% of the total area under cultivation.
• Recent Impact: Over 6.5 lakh tenant farmers have benefited under PMFBY. Around 42 lakh sharecroppers have received benefits under MSP procurement.
• Over 6.5 lakh tenant farmers have benefited under PMFBY.

SusMafia Launches 'Climate-Tech Opportunity Map' to Accelerate Climate Innovation in India

• Mission: Help founders move from idea to impact via mentorship, access to capital, pilot support, and a trusted climate network.
• The map features 25 high-impact problem statements ready for entrepreneurial innovation.
• These opportunities target urgent climate and social challenges across sectors like energy, industry, agriculture, and water.
• Designed to guide early-stage founders and attract funding toward underserved yet crucial sectors.

Drone-Based Seed Sowing in Waterlogged Paddy Fields

• A drone carrying up to 10 kg of germinated seeds was used to sow in saturated Pokkali fields.
• One acre sown in 20–25 minutes, compared to labor-intensive traditional methods.
• Seed savings of up to 10 kg per acre through precision sowing.
• Germinated (sprouted) seeds were found optimal for aerial sowing, improving anchorage in marshy terrain and boosting early growth.

ICRISAT Launches AI-Powered Climate Advisory Services for Smallholder Farmers

• The project, titled "AI-powered Context-Specific Agromet Advisory Services for Climate-Resilient Agriculture at Scale," aims to help farmers make informed decisions on: Sowing Irrigation Pest and disease management
• Focus on reaching smallholder and marginal farmers.
• Translate complex agronomic and climate data into personalised advisory
• Offers a scalable digital solution to support adaptive farming practices under increasing climate variability.

EC clarifies on rules for intensive revision of Bihar voter list

• As the electoral rolls in Bihar are undergoing a special intensive revision (SIR), the Election Commission (EC) uploaded the 2003 list of 4.96 crore electors, and clarified that a person born after 1987 need not give the proof of birth of parents if their names figure on the 2003 rolls. 

Bank Credit Growth Slows to 9.8% in May 2025 Amid Weak Retail Lending

• According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), non-food bank credit growth decelerated to 9.8% year-on-year (YoY) in May 2025, compared to 16.2% in May 2024. The slowdown was most prominent in the retail lending segment, including personal loans, credit cards, and vehicle finance.

SBI turns 70

• tate Bank of India (SBI), the country’s largest and most trusted bank, marks 70 years since its formation on July 1, 1955.

SBI celebrates 70th foundation day, felicitates students

• State Bank of India celebrated its 70th foundation day on Tuesday and felicitated 18 children of its staff for their exemplary academic performance and selection into prestigious institutions and organisations.

INS Udaygiri Delivered: Boost to India’s Naval Power & Indigenous Shipbuilding

• Project 17A is a successor to the earlier Project 17 (Shivalik-class) and reflects India’s growing capability in indigenous warship design and manufacturing. The Indian Navy received INS Udaygiri, the second stealth frigate under the advanced Project 17A on July 2, 2025.

Kesavan Ramachandran is new RBI executive director

• The Reserve Bank of India has appointed Kesavan Ramachandran as the Executive Director with effect from July 1, 2025, according to a statement. 

MGNREGA work demand increased by 4.5%

• Households demanding work under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) sawa 4.5 per cent jump in June, when compared to the same month last year. Around 27.59 million households had sought work under the scheme in June this year, while the number was 26.39 million in June 2024, data sourced from the website.

Banking System Surplus Liquidity Hits ₹3.31 Trillion — Highest Since June 13, Says RBI

• As per the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) data, net liquidity in the Indian banking system stood at a surplus of ₹3.31 trillion as of July 1, 2025, the highest level recorded since June 13. The surplus persists despite recent Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR) operations conducted to absorb excess liquidity.

PNB Waives Charges for Non-Maintenance of Minimum Balance in Savings Accounts

• Punjab National Bank (PNB) has announced a significant customer-centric move by waiving penal charges for non-maintenance of Minimum Average Balance (MAB) in all savings accounts, effective July 1, 2025.

Nvidia becomes worlds most valuable firm

• Nvidia hit a market value of $3.92 trillion in intraday trade on Thursday, as Wall Street doubled down on optimism about artificial intelligence (AI).

RBI announces seven-day rate reverse repo auction on 4 July

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) saiD it will conduct a seven-day variable rate reverse repo auction worth ₹1 trillion on 4 July, after a review of liquidity conditions in the banking system. 

Russia becomes first nation to recognise Taliban regime

• Russia on Thursday became the first country to formally recognise the Taliban’s government in Afghanistan since it seized power in 2021, after Moscow removed the group from its list of outlawed organisations.

Consistent Gukesh seals top spot in rapid section

• D. Gukesh took the honours in the rapid section in the 2025 SuperUnited Rapid & Blitz Croatia in the nation’s capital on Friday, with Poland’s Jan-Krzysztof Duda finishing second.

Banking Frauds in India Surge to Record 23,953 Cases in FY25, But Fraud Amount Falls Sharply: RBI

• According to the RBI Annual Report 2024-25, the number of banking frauds more than tripled to 23,953 cases in FY25, compared to just 7,359 in FY21. However, the total fraud amount declined by 74% to ₹36,014 crore, indicating a growing trend of low-value, high-frequency frauds—especially in digital banking and card transactions.

BoB waives charges on non-maintenance of monthly average balance

• The state-owned lender, Bank of Baroda, announced a complete waiver on all charges for non-maintenance of the Monthly Average Balance (MAB) in its standard savings account schemes, effective 1 July 2025, the bank said in a press note.

India’s First National Cooperative University in Gujarat

• Name: Tribhuvan Sahkari University

Securitisation volumes up 9% Q1 at ₹ 49K cr in

• The sale of loans by banks and nonbanking financial companies (NBFCs) through securitisation grew 9 per cent on ayear-on-year (Y-o-Y) basis to ₹ 49,000 crore in the first quarter of2025-26 (Q1FY26), according to ratings agency Crisil.

Gujarat Becomes 3rd Indian State to Cross 1 Crore Stock Market Investors

• This milestone was confirmed by the National Stock Exchange (NSE). Gujarat has become the third state in India to record over 1 crore registered stock market investors.

₹8,000 Crore Proposals Received Under Centre’s Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS)

• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has received proposals worth ₹7,500–8,000 crore from over 100 Indian and global firms under the newly launched Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS), aimed at strengthening India’s electronics supply chain and reducing import dependency.

Bihar Cabinet makes domicile must for women’s job quota

• The Bihar Cabinet on Tuesday made domicile mandatory for accessing the 35% reservation for women in State government jobs.

Bulgaria becomes 21st member to adopt euro after EU green light

• EU Ministers gave the final green light for Bulgaria to adopt the euro on January 1, 2026, making it the single currency area’s 21st member. Bulgaria’s switch from the lev to the euro comes nearly 19 years after the country joined the European Union. EU finance ministers officially set the euro at 1.95583 Bulgarian lev. 

RBI to conduct two day VRRR auction today to soak up ₹ 1 trn

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will conduct a two-day variable rate reverse repo (VRRR) auction for a notified amount of ₹ 1 trillion.

Mustard Oil Identified as Key to India’s Edible Oil Self-Reliance

• Industry leaders and data from the 2024–25 crop year indicate that mustard, a vital Rabi oilseed crop, can play a central role in reducing India's edible oil import dependency. Experts advocate for greater acreage, high-yield seed promotion, and assured price mechanisms.

Equity Mutual Fund Inflows Rise 24% in June 2025

• As per the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI), net inflows into equity mutual funds surged by 24% in June 2025, reaching ₹23,587 crore, up from ₹19,213 crore in May. This marks a rebound after the 22% dip in net equity inflows seen in May — the lowest in nearly a year.

Wrestlers Varun and Rohit make do with silver

• Indian Greco Roman wrestlers, Varun (63kg) and Rohit (87kg), landed silver medals at the Asian under-20 championships in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

AIFs Seek Higher Investment Limits for Banks, NBFCs in RBI Draft Norms

• Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), through industry body Indian Venture and Alternate Capital Association (IVCA), have urged the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to ease the investment limits proposed for Regulated Entities (REs) like banks and NBFCs under the draft circular dated May 19, 2025.

India’s Maize Productivity: Regional Successes & National Challenges

• According to a FICCI–Yes Bank report based on the Ministry of Agriculture's third advance estimates (2024–25 crop year), India's average maize yield is 3.5 tonnes/hectare, significantly lower than the global average of 6 tonnes/hectare. However, select Indian states are outperforming global leaders like China, Brazil, and Russia.

Namibia to launch a UPI-based digital payment system later in 2025.

• This follows an agreement between the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and the Bank of Namibia signed in April 2024. Namibia becomes one of the few African countries adopting India’s digital public infrastructure model.

Centre identifies domestic firm for S-400 air defence system maintenance, repair, overhaul

• The Ministry of Defence has identified an Indian firm to establish a maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) facility for the S-400 air defence system in the country.

Maharashtra Assembly passes public security Bill; law won’t be misused: CM

• The Maharashtra Assembly on Thursday passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024, aimed at preventing “unlawful activities of Left Wing Extremist organisations or similar groups”. The Bill will now be tabled in the Legislative Council.

India to host shooting World Cup and junior World Championship

• India has been given a World Cup to host in 2027 and the World Junior Championship in 2028, by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), as announced by the National Rifle Association of India (NRAI)

Musk launches Grok 4 after antisemitism controversy

• Elon Musks artificial intelligence startup xAI is rolling out Grok 4 just months after releasing its previous iteration, underscoring the frenetic pace of AI development.

Former CJIs Flag Unchecked Powers to EC in Simultaneous Elections Bill

• Two former Chief Justices of India, D.Y. Chandrachud and J.S. Khehar, appeared before the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) reviewing the Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024 and Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024, which propose the conduct of simultaneous elections for Parliament and State Assemblies.

Centre earmarks ₹500 crore for e-truck purchases under PM E-Drive scheme

• The Centre on Friday unveiled a scheme to provide financial incentives for purchase of electric trucks under the PM E-Drive initiative, where a sum of ₹500 crore has been set aside for 5,600 electric trucks. Of this financial outlay, a fifth is dedicated for vehicles registered in Delhi.

Kota Srinivasa Rao, veteran Telugu actor, passes away

• Veteran Telugu actor Kota Srinivasa Rao, who gave a new style to villainous and comedic roles, passed away in the early hours of Sunday at his residence in Hyderabad. He was 83.

Liquidity Flows Back to RBI, into SDF: Surplus Rises Amid Weak Credit Demand

• The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) witnessed a record-high average quarterly balance of ₹2.6 lakh crore in Q1FY26 (April–June 2025), reflecting banks’ preference to park surplus funds amid muted credit growth and persistent liquidity overhang.

NSE 4th in global IPO fundraising in H1

• The National Stock Exchange (NSE) ranked fourth on the global IPO league table in the first half of the 2025 calendar year (H1CY25), with a fund offering of $5.51 billion, according to a note from S&P Global Market Intelligence.

‘140k New PMJDY A/Cs Opened in 2 Weeks’

• The finance ministry on Tuesday said that in the first two weeks of its financial inclusion saturation campaign, around 1.4 lakh new PM Jan Dhan Yojana accounts have been opened and more than 5.4 lakh new enrolments made under three Jan Suraksha Schemes.

India’s Unemployment Rate Holds at 5.6% in June 2025

• India’s unemployment rate for individuals aged 15 years and above stood at 5.6% in June 2025, unchanged from May, according to data released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). While the national average remained stable, urban-rural disparities and gendered patterns persisted in the labour market.

Maharashtra just passed a law that could jail you for peacefully protesting

• Days after the ruling BJP at the Centre and in Maharashtra observed the 50th anniversary of the Emergency and the curtailment of freedoms it entailed, the Maha Yuti government, led by Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPS) Bill, 2024, by voice vote in the Legislative Assembly on July 10.

Life Insurance Q1 FY26 Results: ICICI, HDFC, and Prudential Post Strong Profit Growth

• India’s private life insurance giants—ICICI Lombard Life, ICICI Prudential Life, and HDFC Life Insurance—have reported robust year-on-year growth in Profit After Tax (PAT) for the first quarter of FY26 (April–June 2025), driven by steady premium inflows and improved underwriting performance.

SMBC Seeks RBI Nod to Acquire Up to 25% Stake in Yes Bank

• Japan’s Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp (SMBC) has applied to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for permission to acquire up to a 25% stake in Yes Bank, expanding its footprint in India’s private banking sector.

PM Modi's Visit to Maldives

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s scheduled visit to the Maldives (July 25–26, 2025)

RBI to Conduct ₹32,000 Crore Bond Switch Auction to Ease Redemption Pressure

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), on behalf of the Central Government, will conduct a ₹32,000 crore bond switch auction on July 21, 2025. This move is part of the government’s strategy to manage its debt profile by reducing short-term redemption pressure and supporting fiscal consolidation.

Yuliia Svyrydenko, appointed as Ukraine's new Prime Minister

• Ukraine’s Economy Minister and the key negotiator in the mineral deal with the U.S, Yuliia Svyrydenko, was appointed as its new Prime Minister, becoming the country’s first new head of government since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022.

IRDAI Approves 26% Equity Share Transfer in Bajaj Allianz Insurance Arms

• On July 15, 2025, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) approved the transfer of 26% equity stake held by Allianz SE in its two Indian joint ventures—Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance and Bajaj Allianz General Insurance—to Indian shareholders of the Bajaj group.

7 day VRRR auction sees strong demand

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) received bids worth ₹ 2.07 trillion against a notified amount of ₹ 2 trillion in theseven-day Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR) auction, which coincided with the maturity of the previous ₹ 2.07 trillion VRRR auction.

Jane Street Re-enters Indian Markets After Depositing

• High-frequency trading (HFT) giant Jane Street has been permitted to re-enter India’s securities markets after complying with the Securities and Exchange Board of India’s (SEBI) order to deposit alleged unlawful gains worth ₹4,844 crore in an escrow account by July 14, 2025.

Agricultural Pumpset Manufacturers Urge GST Reduction from 18% to 12% to Support Farmers

• Manufacturers of agricultural pumpsets have renewed their appeal to the government to reduce the Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate on pumpsets from 18% to 12%, citing adverse effects on both sales and affordability for farmers.

V.S. Achuthanandan Passes Away at 101

• Veteran communist leader and former Kerala Chief Minister V.S. Achuthanandan died at a private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram following a cardiac arrest. He was 101 years old.

Chhattisgarh Passes Jan Vishwas (Amendment) Bill

• Chhattisgarh became the second state after Madhya Pradesh to enact the Jan Vishwas Bill, aligning with the Centre’s 2023 reform to decriminalise minor offences.

MiG-21 Bison Fighter Jets to Retire in September 2025

• The Indian Air Force will decommission the MiG-21 Bison after 60+ years of service, with a farewell ceremony in Chandigarh.

PhonePe and SBI Card Launch Co-Branded Credit Cards Ahead of IPO

• IPO-bound PhonePe, a leading Indian fintech platform, has launched two co-branded credit cards in partnership with SBI Card, India’s largest pure-play credit card issuer. This is PhonePe's second such partnership after its earlier tie-up with HDFC Bank.

RBI Conducts ₹50,000 Crore VRR Auction to Cool Surging Overnight Rates

• On July 24, 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conducted a ₹50,000 crore Variable Rate Repo (VRR) auction as overnight money market rates surged above the Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) rate of 5.75%.

Singapore retains title of World's most powerful passport, allows visa-free travel to 193 countries 

• With the release of the Henley Passport Index 2025, Singapore has retained the top spot and its title as the 'World's Most Powerful Passport." In the listing, released on Tuesday, Asian nations have continued to dominate the passport rankings.

CM launches health initiatives to offer patients timely care

• Chief Minister Rekha Gupta on Thursday launched a slew of initiatives, including 34 new Ayushman Arogya Mandirs and eight Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs), to build a “digital, affordable, and accessible” healthcare system in Delhi.

Ajay Seth appointed as IRDAI chairman

• Former Finance and Economic Affairs Secretary Ajay Seth was appointed as the chairman of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) for a three-year term.

Nitin Gupta assumes charge as NFRA chief

• Nitin Gupta, a retired IRS officer, has assumed charge as chairperson of the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA).

Vaishnavi wins bronze medal in World University Games

• Vaishnavi Adkar went down fighting 6-2, 4-6, 4-6 in a three-hour duel in the women’s tennis semifinals to Eszter Meri of Slovakia in the World University Games in Rhine-Ruhr, Germany. 

Canara Bank to Monetise Excess Priority Sector Loans

• Facing pressure on interest margins due to falling rates, Canara Bank plans to sell excess priority sector loans in Q2 FY26. The bank had already earned ₹1,248 crore in commissions through such sales in the June 2025 quarter.

Government Amends Law to Curb Digital Film Piracy

• To tackle growing digital piracy in cinema, the government has amended copyright laws to impose jail terms and fines of up to 5% of a film’s production cost on those caught recording or transmitting movies illegally.

Veteran Climate Negotiator Vijai Sharma Dies

• Vijai Sharma, India’s former chief climate negotiator and one of the key architects of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, passed away. He was instrumental in securing climate justice for developing nations during global climate talks.

RBIs digital payments index rose to 493.22 in March

• The Reserve Bank of Indias (RBI) digital payments index (DPI) rose to 493.22 as of March 2025, compared to 465.33 in September 2024, reflecting the rapid adoption of digital payments in the country.

India pioneers world’s 1st int’l tiger rewilding

• India is preparing to send around six wild tigers to Cambodia’s Cardamom Mountains, where the species was declared extinct in 2016.

Union Bank to Auction Future Brands Assets to Recover ₹230 Crore

• Union Bank of India has initiated the auction of 10 brands owned by Future Brands Ltd to recover dues under the SARFAESI Act, with a reserve price of ₹230 crore.

Index of Industrial Production (IIP)

• India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) growth slowed to a 10-month low of 1.5% in June 2025, largely due to sharp contractions in mining and electricity output, sectors heavily affected by erratic monsoon activity. The episode raises urgent questions about the need to integrate climate risk into economic data frameworks in India.

Govt aims to open 25k Jan Aushadhi Kendras by March 2027

• Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilisers Anupriya Patel has stated that a total of 16 thousand 912 Jan Aushadhi Kendras have been established under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana scheme as of 30th June this year. 

BRICS Summit

• Coined in 2001 by Jim O’Neill, Chief Economist at Goldman Sachs, in the report “Building Better Global Economic BRICs”.
• South Africa joined in 2010, forming BRICS.
• Formed in 2006 (BRIC), expanded in 2010 (BRICS)
• Headquarters

Quad Launches Critical Minerals Initiative

• India’s NCMM, with a budget of ₹16,300 crore, aims to: Boost domestic exploration Acquire overseas assets Support processing R&D and recycling Seek funding through RISE and other multilateral platforms
• Diversify and secure supply chains of critical minerals vital to sectors like EVs, electronics, semiconductors, and defense.
• Rare earths like neodymium, dysprosium, terbium, etc., are vital for: Electric vehicle (EV) motors Jet fighter engines Semiconductor manufacturing
• Electric vehicle (EV) motors

BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

• BRICS Foreign Ministers had already included a condemnation in their April 2025 Chair Summary.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi is attending the BRICS Summit (July 6–7) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, alongside leaders from the original five member countries and the newly inducted members — Egypt, Ethiopia, UAE, Iran, and Indonesia.
• De-Dollarisation & Local Currency Trade No BRICS currency is being launched. BRICS is promoting voluntary trade in local currencies, not anti-dollar, similar to MERCOSUR's model. US tariff threats (100–500%) are acknowledged but viewed as misplaced.
• US tariff threats (100–500%) are acknowledged but viewed as misplaced.

Colombia and Uzbekistan Join New Development Bank (NDB)

• Established: 2015
• Headquarters: Shanghai, China
• Founding BRICS Nations (2015): Brazil Russia India China South Africa
• Colombia and Uzbekistan have become the latest members of the New Development Bank (NDB), also known as the BRICS Bank. The announcement was made ahead of the 17th BRICS Summit, during the 10th meeting of the NDB’s Board of Directors. The addition brings the total membership to 11 countries.

Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0

• Background Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0 was announced in the FY26 Budget by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. It will decriminalize 100 more laws, following the first Jan Vishwas Bill (2023) that decriminalized 180 provisions.
• It will decriminalize 100 more laws, following the first Jan Vishwas Bill (2023) that decriminalized 180 provisions.
• Focus on MSMEs India has over 65 million registered MSMEs, contributing: 30% to GDP 45% to exports MSMEs often face penalties for minor non-compliance, which can impact capital flow and growth.
• 45% to exports

India’s Gini Index of 25.5

• In 2023–24, the top 10% of earners made 13 times more than the bottom 10%.
• Rural vs Urban MPCE Gap: Still 70% in 2023–24.
• Gini Index (Consumption): Improved from 28.8 in 2011–12 to 25.5 in 2022–23.
• Extreme Poverty: Fell from 16.2% to 2.3% over the same period.

Core Inflation Rising

• Headline CPI inflation has remained below RBI’s 4% target since February 2025.
• June 2025 CPI: 2.1% (lowest in months).
• A similar pattern in 2018 led the RBI to tighten rates due to persistent high core inflation driven by housing and transport costs.
• In contrast, core inflation rose from 3.6% in January to 4.5% in June.