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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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Context:

The United States will “always be a reliable partner” in NATO, U.S. defence chief Lloyd Austin said, after remarks by President-elect Donald Trump sparked concerns among members of the military alliance.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  • Creation and History:
    • Founded in 1949 by 12 original member states from Europe and North America.
    • Used as a Cold War deterrent against Soviet expansionism.
      • The Soviet Union, or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was the world’s first communist state and a major player in 20th century world history.
    • Post-Cold War added crisis management, conflict prevention, and cooperative security to the agenda.
  • Members:
    • Original 12 founding members included Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
    • Expanded from its establishment and currently encompasses 32 member states.
  • Mission and Objectives:
    • Its prime mission is collective defense according to Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.
    • Other than collective defense, NATO carries out crisis management in terms of prevention of conflicts, peacekeeping, and stabilizing efforts.
  • Structure:
    • Political Leadership
      • North Atlantic Council, the ultimate decision-making organ on political issues at NATO.
    • Military Command Structure
      • NATO’s military command structure consists of Strategic Commands, Regional Commands, and Force Headquarters.
    • Integrated Military Forces
      • NATO maintains integrated military forces for collective defence efforts.
  • Issues Regarding NATO’s Operations:
    • Unbridled Offensive
      • NATO has launched or been involved in more than 200 military conflicts around the world, including 20 major ones.
      • Miscalculations in Eastern European, Middle East, and Asian Nations: The bombing of Yugoslavia, the invasion of Iraq, the failed statehood of Libya, the illegal military intervention in Syria, and the suspicious fruits of anti-terrorism operations in Afghanistan.
    • Inciting the Russia-Ukraine War
      • Five rounds of expansion of the alliance since 1991 have turned out to be the biggest provocation of all times.
    • Maintaining Western Hegemony
      • NATO’s military potential stands as an effective tool for maintaining the West’s hegemony over nations not viewed as a military menace.
    • Unwarranted Expansion
      • NATO’s capabilities are being built up in outer- and cyberspace.
    • Capitalising the Threat Posed in The Indo-Pacific
      • NATO’s attempts to extend its responsibility over the entire eastern hemisphere under the slogan of indivisibility of security in the Euro-Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions.
  • Successes and Failures of NATO Grouping:
    • Successes
      • It restrained the Soviet Union, discouraged militant nationalism and communism across Europe, and brought more political unity across Europe.
    • Current-day Security
      • It ensured collective security to its members and has established a worldwide network of over 40 countries and other partners.
    • Providing Humanitarian Support to Ukraine
      • NATO has vocally condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and provided major support to Ukraine.
    • Failures
      • Funding Issues: Most NATO nations fail to uphold the promise that 2% of their country’s GDP would be allocated to defense expenditure.
  • Role of NATO in Afghanistan and Neo-Nationalism
    • NATO played the most vital role for the Afghan government post 9/11.
    • In 2020, when NATO, and US troops withdraw from Afghanistan, the Afghan government collapsed.
    • European right-wing nationalism increases discontent with the international institutions like NATO and the EU.
    • Challenges for NATO to counter the criticisms and bring a divided Europe under one roof.
  • Russian Aggression in NATO
    • NATO has welcomed some former Warsaw Pact members since the Soviet Union collapsed.
    • Russia is increasingly intimidated with NATO membership on its borders and further enlargement promises.
    • The perceived possibility of Ukraine joining NATO is one of the most important motivations for Russian acts in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict.
      • The Russia-Ukraine war, which began on February 24, 2022, has profound geopolitical, economic, and humanitarian implications globally.

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