Context:
To foster financial inclusion and literacy among rural populations, including microfinance borrowers, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) have launched several targeted initiatives. These efforts aim to improve digital and financial awareness, ensure borrower protection, and streamline access to credit, especially in underserved areas.
Key Financial Literacy Initiatives
1. Financial & Digital Literacy Camps (NABARD):
- NABARD supports financial literacy camps across rural areas through rural bank branches and Financial Literacy Centres (FLCs).
- Focus areas include:
- Digital banking
- Government social security schemes
- Cyber security
- Mobile banking awareness
2. Centre for Financial Literacy (CFL) Project (RBI):
- Launched in 2017, CFLs use community-led and participatory methods for financial literacy.
- As of March 2025, 2,421 CFLs have been established, with one CFL serving three blocks on average.
3. Village Level Programmes (VLPs):
- NABARD organizes VLPs with the support of banks and State Rural Livelihood Missions (SRLMs).
- Objectives:
- Facilitate SHG account openings
- Strengthen credit linkage
- Encourage regular loan repayment
- Boost financial inclusion in villages
Microfinance Sector Reforms and Credit Access
1. Revised Definition of Microfinance Loan (RBI):
- Loans to households with annual income ≤ ₹3 lakh are now classified as microfinance loans.
- Removed:
- Loan amount caps per cycle
- Minimum tenure requirements
2. Greater Flexibility in Loan Usage:
- Borrowers can now use microfinance loans for:
- Health expenses
- Education
- Income smoothing
- Earlier restriction of 50% loan usage for income-generating purposes has been lifted.
Borrower Protection Measures
1. Repayment Cap to Prevent Over-Indebtedness:
- Monthly loan repayments are capped at 50% of household income.
2. Recovery Safeguards:
- RBI-mandated ethical recovery guidelines for Regulated Entities (REs).
- REs must have dedicated grievance redressal mechanisms for recovery-related complaints.
3. Interest Rate Regulation and Transparency:
- On March 14, 2022, RBI:
- Deregulated microfinance interest rates.
- Mandated board-approved policies to ensure non-usurious lending.
- Encouraged market-driven competitive rates.
Role of Industry SROs and Credit Information Systems
1. Self-Regulatory Organizations (SROs):
- Sa-Dhan and Microfinance Institutions Network (MFIN) ensure:
- Regulatory compliance among MFIs and NBFC-MFIs.
- Policy consultation with RBI.
- Monitoring of borrower indebtedness and lender caps.
2. Credit Information Reporting:
- Credit Institutions (CIs) are required to submit:
- Household income data
- Loan information
- This helps Credit Information Companies (CICs) assess borrower exposure and prevent over-indebtedness by enforcing the 50% repayment ceiling.
