Source: IE
Context:
In Kolhan region of Jharkhand, members of the Ho tribal community protested following the removal of certain Mundas, alleging government interference in their traditional Manki-Munda system of self-governance. The protests underline the sensitivity of tribal autonomy and customary governance structures in India.
About Manki-Munda System:
- A traditional, decentralized tribal governance system of the Ho community, where Mundas (village heads) and Mankis (pidh heads overseeing clusters of villages) collectively maintain social order and resolve disputes.
- Historical Background:
- Pre-British Era: Operated as a fully community-driven governance model without external interference or land tax obligations.
- British Era Codification: Following early Ho and Kol revolts, the British codified the system under Wilkinson’s Rules (1833), implemented in Kolhan Government Estate (1837). Mankis and Mundas acted as intermediaries, preserving local autonomy while integrating Kolhan into British India.
- Functioning:
- Munda: Heads a single village; resolves local socio-political disputes.
- Manki: Supervises multiple villages (pidh); handles appeals when Munda-level resolution fails.
- Key Features:
- Hereditary Leadership: Positions traditionally pass from father to son.
- Community Participation: Decisions rely on collective consultation, akin to Gram Sabha.
- Cultural Autonomy: Safeguards tribal identity, customs, and land rights.
- Legal Recognition: Wilkinson’s Rules continue to be upheld by courts, acknowledging the absence of alternative governance structures.
