Daily Current Affairs (DCA) 24&25 May, 2026

Daily Current Affairs Quiz
24&25 May, 2026

Reports

1. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026: World Bank Report 2026

Context:

The World Bank Group (WBG) has released the 13th edition of its annual flagship report, “State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026”, identifying India among the world’s largest new carbon markets following the launch of India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) in 2026. The report notes that global carbon pricing systems now cover 29 per cent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, up steadily over the past decade. Annual revenues from emissions trading systems (ETS) and carbon taxes have tripled over the past ten years, from less than USD 30 billion in 2016 to over USD 107 billion in 2025. Direct carbon prices have risen 7 per cent over the past year and nearly doubled over the decade, from about USD 10 per tCO2e in 2016 to nearly USD 21 per tCO2e in 2026.

Key Highlights

• Report: “State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026”, 13th edition.
• Publisher: World Bank Group (WBG).
• Date: May 2026.

Key headline numbers:

Indicator	Value	Trend
Global GHG emissions covered by carbon pricing	29 per cent	Up from previous years
Annual revenues from ETS and carbon taxes (2025)	Over USD 107 billion	Tripled from <USD 30 bn in 2016
Global average direct carbon price (2026)	~USD 21 per tCO2e	Up 7 per cent year-on-year; nearly doubled from USD 10 in 2016
Active carbon pricing policies globally	87	Up 7 since 2025
Coverage potential if all policies under development are implemented by 2030	~33.33 per cent of global GHG emissions

India’s CCTS positioning:

• India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) launched in 2026.
• Notified by the Ministry of Power in consultation with the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
• Administrator: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).
• Regulator: Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO).
• Replaces and builds on the earlier PAT (Perform, Achieve and Trade) Scheme.

India’s NDC commitments:

• Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45 per cent from 2005 levels by 2030.
• Achieve 50 per cent non-fossil installed power capacity by 2030.
• Net zero by 2070.

About the News (Q&A)

What does the World Bank report find?

That global carbon pricing now covers 29 per cent of GHG emissions, revenues have tripled to over USD 107 billion, prices have nearly doubled to ~USD 21 per tCO2e, and 87 carbon pricing policies are now in force globally. India is among the largest new carbon markets with the launch of its Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) in 2026.

Why is India’s CCTS significant?

(a) It marks India’s transition from an energy-efficiency framework (PAT) to a formal carbon market. (b) It positions India as a major new player in global carbon markets. (c) It supports India’s NDC and net-zero 2070 commitments. (d) It creates financial incentives for industries to reduce emissions and invest in cleaner technologies.

What is the difference between an Emissions Trading System (ETS) and a Carbon Tax?

ETS is a cap-and-trade system: a government sets a cap on total emissions, issues tradable permits, and lets the market discover the price. Carbon tax is a price-based instrument: the government sets a fixed tax per tonne of CO2 equivalent, and emitters pay the tax directly. Both are forms of carbon pricing, but they differ on whether the cap or the price is fixed.

What is the future trajectory?

If all carbon pricing policies currently under development are implemented by 2030, nearly one-third of global GHG emissions could come under formal carbon pricing, marking a significant expansion in global climate policy coverage.

Background Concepts

What is Carbon Pricing?

A policy instrument that assigns a monetary cost to greenhouse gas emissions, internalising the environmental cost of carbon into economic decisions. Two main forms: (a) Emissions Trading System (ETS) or cap-and-trade: government sets a cap on total emissions; entities trade allowances within that cap. (b) Carbon Tax: government fixes a per-tonne tax on CO2 equivalent emissions. Carbon pricing creates financial incentives for emitters to reduce emissions, invest in cleaner technologies, and shift to low-carbon pathways.

What is the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)?

India’s national carbon market framework, notified under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022. It is administered by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the Ministry of Power, with the MoEFCC involved in policy design and the Grid Controller of India as the registry and settlement operator. The CCTS replaces and builds on the earlier Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme, and operates two market segments: a compliance market for designated obligated entities and an offset market for voluntary projects. It is the operational backbone of India’s emerging carbon market.

What is the Paris Agreement and what are India’s NDCs?

The Paris Agreement, adopted at COP21 in 2015, is a legally binding international treaty on climate change that aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Countries submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), voluntary commitments updated every five years. India’s updated NDCs (2022) include: 45 per cent reduction in emissions intensity of GDP from 2005 levels by 2030, 50 per cent non-fossil installed power capacity by 2030, net zero by 2070, and creation of an additional 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent carbon sink through forest and tree cover by 2030.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the World Bank’s “State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026” report, consider the following statements:

1. Global carbon pricing systems currently cover 29 per cent of GHG emissions.
2. India is identified among the world’s largest new carbon markets following the launch of its Carbon Credit Trading Scheme in 2026.
3. Annual revenues from emissions trading systems and carbon taxes have tripled over the last decade.
4. There are currently 87 carbon pricing policies being implemented globally.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS):

1. It has been notified under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022.
2. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency under the Ministry of Power is the administrator.
3. It operates two market segments: a compliance market and an offset market.
4. It replaces and builds on the earlier Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. Consider the following statements about carbon pricing instruments:

1. An Emissions Trading System (ETS) is a cap-and-trade mechanism where the government sets a cap on total emissions.
2. A carbon tax sets a fixed price per tonne of CO2 equivalent emissions.
3. Both ETS and carbon tax are forms of carbon pricing.
4. ETS and carbon tax cannot coexist in the same jurisdiction.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. With reference to India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, consider the following statements:

1. India has committed to reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45 per cent from 2005 levels by 2030.
2. India has committed to achieving 50 per cent non-fossil installed power capacity by 2030.
3. India has committed to net zero emissions by 2070.
4. India has committed to creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030 through forest and tree cover.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; ETS and carbon tax can coexist in the same jurisdiction. Several countries operate hybrid systems, where some sectors are covered by an ETS and others by a carbon tax, or where a floor price is set within an ETS through a carbon tax.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

Exam Relevance

Exam	Relevance
UPSC Prelims	GS Paper III on Environment (Climate change, Carbon pricing, NDCs); GS Paper II on IR (World Bank, Paris Agreement)
UPSC Mains	GS Paper III on Environment, Climate finance, Carbon markets
BPSC and State PCS	Environment, Economy, Current Affairs
Banking (RBI Gr B, NABARD)	ESG, climate finance, moderate to high importance
NABARD Grade A	Climate finance, sustainable agriculture

National Affairs

1. MoSJE Launches JEEVAN App and SHATAYU Dashboard

Source: PIB

Context:

The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) has officially launched two complementary digital platforms at a National Workshop in New Delhi: the JEEVAN mobile application (Joint Elderly Empowerment & Virtual Assistance Network) and the SHATAYU geriatric caregiver dashboard (Senior Holistic Care Assistance and Training For Your Utility). Developed and managed by the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, the platforms together aim to use digital technology to ensure the safety, healthcare access, dignity, and social inclusion of India’s senior citizen population, while formalising the unstructured elderly care sector into a professional, trackable care economy.

Key Highlights

• Launching ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE).
• Nodal department: Department of Social Justice and Empowerment.

Two platforms launched:

Platform	Full Form	Target Users
JEEVAN	Joint Elderly Empowerment & Virtual Assistance Network	Senior citizens and their families
SHATAYU	Senior Holistic Care Assistance and Training For Your Utility	Care providers, families seeking caregivers, regulators

JEEVAN Mobile Application features:

• Unified Welfare Gateway to all central and state schemes, pensions, healthcare entitlements.
• SOS Emergency Assistance with one-touch panic button linked to emergency services, medical networks, and elder helpline.
• Institutional Home Locator with geo-tagged verified senior citizen welfare homes and day-care facilities.
• Elder-Centric Accessibility Design: large fonts, voice navigation, simplified interactions.

SHATAYU Dashboard features:

• District-Level Micro-Mapping of verified caregivers across India.
• Standardised Training Trackers for caregiver certification and skill benchmarks.
• Care-Economy Integration Hub aggregating NGOs, medical skill councils, ecosystem partners.
• Verified Service Directory with background and credential validation.

About the News (Q&A)

What are JEEVAN and SHATAYU?

JEEVAN is a citizen-facing mobile app that provides senior citizens with a single window to welfare schemes, pensions, healthcare entitlements, emergency SOS, and institutional home information. SHATAYU is a national caregiver dashboard that maps, certifies, tracks, and verifies geriatric caregivers across districts, enabling families to find vetted help.

Who is the implementing agency?

The Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE).

What does the JEEVAN app offer?

(a) Unified welfare gateway to schemes and entitlements. (b) One-touch SOS to emergency services and elder helpline. (c) Geo-tagged listings of verified senior citizen homes and day-care facilities. (d) Elder-friendly design with large fonts, voice navigation, and simplified interactions.

What does the SHATAYU dashboard offer?

(a) District-level real-time availability of verified caregivers. (b) Training and certification trackers for caregivers. (c) Care economy integration across NGOs and skill councils. (d) Verified service directory with background checks.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007?

A landmark central legislation that obligates children and heirs to provide maintenance to parents and senior citizens, establishes Maintenance Tribunals at the sub-divisional level for grievance redressal, and provides for old age homes at least one per district. The Act gives senior citizens a legal right to claim maintenance and protects them from neglect, abandonment, and abuse.

What is the Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY)?

An umbrella central sector scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment for the welfare of senior citizens, restructured in 2022-23. It consolidates several sub-schemes, including the Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens (IPSrC) for running old-age homes and care services, the Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana for providing assistive devices to BPL elderly, the Senior Citizens Welfare Fund, and support for the National Elder Helpline (Elderline 14567).

What is the “care economy”?

The economic system of paid and unpaid work involved in caring for people, including children, the elderly, the sick, and persons with disabilities. It includes direct care (nursing, attendant services, geriatric care), indirect care (cooking, cleaning, household management), and emotional/social care. Globally, the care economy is recognised as a major sector for inclusive growth, women’s employment, and demographic resilience. The SHATAYU dashboard is part of India’s effort to formalise and professionalise the geriatric segment of the care economy.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the recently launched JEEVAN App and SHATAYU Dashboard, consider the following statements:

1. They have been launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
2. JEEVAN stands for Joint Elderly Empowerment and Virtual Assistance Network.
3. SHATAYU stands for Senior Holistic Care Assistance and Training For Your Utility.
4. JEEVAN provides a unified welfare gateway to central and state schemes for senior citizens.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the JEEVAN mobile application:

1. It features a one-touch SOS panic button linked to local emergency services and the national elder helpline.
2. It includes a geo-tagged locator for verified senior citizen welfare homes and day-care facilities.
3. It is designed with elder-centric features such as large fonts, voice-assisted navigation, and simplified interactions.
4. It is restricted to beneficiaries of the National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) only.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. Consider the following statements about the SHATAYU Dashboard:

1. It allows district-level micro-mapping of verified geriatric caregivers in real time.
2. It monitors the skill graduation, certification benchmarks, and training modules completed by caregivers.
3. It aggregates data from NGOs, medical skill councils, and ecosystem partners.
4. It is a closed government-only platform without any verified-service-provider directory.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. With reference to India’s framework for senior citizen welfare, consider the following statements:

1. The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 makes maintenance of parents and senior citizens a legal obligation of children and heirs.
2. Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY) is an umbrella scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
3. The Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana provides assistive devices to BPL senior citizens.
4. The National Elder Helpline number is 14567.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the JEEVAN app is open to all senior citizens, NOT restricted to NPHCE beneficiaries; it provides a comprehensive repository of schemes across central and state governments.
3. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the SHATAYU dashboard does host a verified service directory that validates background, credentials, and legal compliance of listed caregivers.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

Exam Relevance

Exam	Relevance
UPSC Prelims	GS Paper II on Government Schemes, Welfare; GS Paper I on Society (Demography, Ageing)
UPSC Mains	GS Paper II on Government policies, Welfare of vulnerable sections, Health
BPSC and State PCS	Welfare schemes, Society, Current Affairs
Banking and NABARD	General Awareness, moderate importance

2. Scientists Discover New Amphibian Species “Kali Night Frog” (Nyctibatrachus kali) in Karnataka’s Western Ghats

Context:

Scientists have announced the discovery of a new amphibian species, Nyctibatrachus kali, commonly called the Kali night frog, from the central Western Ghats of Karnataka. The species belongs to the ancient genus Nyctibatrachus (the night frogs), which is entirely endemic to the Western Ghats, one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity. The Kali night frog inhabits the pristine, torrential stream ecosystems and humid leaf litter of the Castlerock rainforest in the Kali river catchment basin, named after the Kali river that flows through the region.

Key Highlights

• New species: Nyctibatrachus kali (Kali night frog).
• Family: Nyctibatrachidae (Night Frogs).
• Genus: Nyctibatrachus, endemic to the Western Ghats.
• Region: Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, specifically the Castlerock rainforest within the Kali river catchment basin.
• Habitat: Pristine torrential streams, humid leaf litter, shadowed rock crevices.

Key characteristics:

Feature	Description
Cryptic species	Morphologically near-identical to the Kumbara night frog (Nyctibatrachus kumbara)
Genetic identification	Confirmed as separate lineage via DNA isolation and sequencing
Bioacoustic profile	Distinct frequency and pulse patterns in the male’s mating call
Behaviour	Nocturnal, active at night near fast-flowing streams
Distribution	Micro-endemic, restricted to a small pocket of the central Western Ghats

Conservation context:

• Western Ghats is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biodiversity.
• The Ghats are home to over 180 amphibian species, of which roughly 80 per cent are endemic.
• Micro-endemic species like Kali night frog are particularly vulnerable to:
  • Habitat fragmentation (roads, plantations, hydropower).
  • Climate change (temperature, rainfall shifts).
  • Pollution (agrochemicals in streams).
  • Invasive species and pathogens (e.g., Chytrid fungus).

Background Concepts

What is the genus Nyctibatrachus?

A genus of frogs entirely endemic to the Western Ghats of India, commonly known as night frogs because of their nocturnal behaviour. Members of this ancient lineage are mostly small to medium-sized, stream-associated frogs with specialised adaptations to torrential mountain stream ecosystems. The genus is one of the largest and most diverse frog groups in the Western Ghats, with several recently described members, including the Kumbara night frog and now the Kali night frog.

What is a “cryptic species”?

Two or more species that are morphologically near-identical (so they look the same to the eye) but are genetically, behaviourally, or ecologically distinct. Cryptic species can be identified only through modern molecular tools (DNA sequencing), bioacoustic analysis, ecological studies, or detailed morphometric measurements. The discovery of cryptic species is increasingly common in biodiversity hotspots like the Western Ghats, and has important implications for conservation planning, because each cryptic species may need separate protection strategies.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the recently discovered Kali night frog, consider the following statements:

1. Its scientific name is Nyctibatrachus kali.
2. It was discovered in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, in the Kali river catchment basin.
3. It belongs to the genus Nyctibatrachus, which is endemic to the Western Ghats.
4. It is a cryptic species closely resembling the Kumbara night frog (Nyctibatrachus kumbara).

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about cryptic species:

1. Cryptic species are morphologically near-identical but genetically, behaviourally, or ecologically distinct.
2. They can typically be identified using DNA sequencing, bioacoustic analysis, or detailed morphometric measurements.
3. The discovery of cryptic species often increases the complexity of conservation planning.
4. The Western Ghats has yielded several cryptic amphibian species in recent years.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to the Western Ghats, consider the following statements:

1. It is recognised as one of the world’s “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity by Conservation International.
2. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.
3. It runs through Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
4. Around 80 per cent of the amphibian species found in the Western Ghats are endemic.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about the genus Nyctibatrachus:

1. It is entirely endemic to the Western Ghats of India.
2. The genus is commonly known as “night frogs” because of nocturnal behaviour.
3. Members of the genus are mostly associated with torrential mountain stream ecosystems.
4. The Kumbara night frog and the newly discovered Kali night frog both belong to this genus.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

3. BDIA Launches “Bharat Digital Samvad”

Source: IE

Context:

The Bharath Digital Infrastructure Association (BDIA) has launched “Bharat Digital Samvad” in New Delhi, described as India’s first dedicated national forum on digital sovereignty and infrastructure policy. The forum is designed to promote dialogue and collaboration among policymakers, regulators, digital platforms, broadcasters, industry stakeholders, academia, and innovators on India’s evolving digital ecosystem. It brings together leaders from cloud computing, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), and data platforms, with the explicit aim of creating a roadmap for India’s next digital decade.

Key Highlights

• Forum: “Bharat Digital Samvad”.
• Convener: Bharath Digital Infrastructure Association (BDIA).
• Venue: New Delhi.
• Distinction: India’s first dedicated national forum on digital sovereignty and infrastructure policy.

Participants and stakeholders:

• Policymakers and regulators.
• Digital platforms and broadcasters.
• Cloud computing, AI, cybersecurity, DPI, and data-platform leaders.
• Academia and innovators.

Three-priority focus:

Priority	Stated Goal
National Security	Securing India’s digital and data infrastructure
Economic Growth	Building toward a USD 1 trillion digital economy by 2030
Technological Self-Reliance	Reducing dependence on foreign digital infrastructure and platforms

Three planned deliverables of the forum:

Deliverable	Description
Structured policy brief	Multi-stakeholder recommendations for MeitY, TRAI, and other ministries
Digital Industrial Policy Framework	Levers: taxation, public procurement preferences, R&D incentives, market access
Foreign-tech dependence map	Quantification of India’s reliance on foreign technology and a pathway to digital self-reliance

Guiding principle: “Data Swaraj”

• Asserts India’s sovereign right over its data: collection, storage, governance, monetisation.
• Echoes the broader theme of digital self-determination as a strategic priority.

Broader policy context:

• Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023.
• India AI Mission.
• National Cyber Security Policy.
• DPI exports (UPI, Aadhaar Stack abroad).
• RBI Payment Systems Data Storage circular, 2018 (data localisation).
• MeitY Information Technology Rules.

About BDIA:

• Industry association representing broadcasters and digital media companies in India.
• Works on policy advocacy, industry collaboration, and balanced sustainable digital media ecosystem.

About the News (Q&A)

What is Bharat Digital Samvad?

A national forum launched by the BDIA in New Delhi to bring together policymakers, regulators, digital platforms, broadcasters, technology companies, academia, and innovators for dialogue and collaboration on India’s digital sovereignty and infrastructure policy.

Why is it significant?

Because it is being positioned as India’s first dedicated national forum explicitly focused on digital sovereignty, a concept that goes beyond traditional digital policy to assert India’s right to set its own rules on data, infrastructure, and technology in an increasingly contested global digital landscape.

What is the principle of “Data Swaraj”?

A principle that asserts India’s sovereign right to control how its data is collected, stored, governed, and monetised. It applies the Gandhian idea of “Swaraj” (self-rule) to the digital domain, framing data as a sovereign resource rather than a globally-traded commodity, and demanding that India set the terms of its own digital economy.

What is the target for the digital economy?

India aims for the digital economy to reach USD 1 trillion by 2030, making it a critical pillar of the broader Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is “Digital Sovereignty”?

The principle that a nation has the right and capability to govern its own digital infrastructure, data, technology, and online activity independent of foreign control. It typically includes data localisation, sovereign control over critical digital infrastructure (cloud, telecom, semiconductors), regulation of foreign digital platforms operating within national borders, and the right to set technology standards. Globally, this concept is being adopted by the European Union, India, and many emerging economies as a response to concentration of digital power in a few foreign tech companies.

What is Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)?

A set of open, interoperable digital systems that serve as foundational layers for government, private sector, and citizen interactions. India’s DPI stack includes Aadhaar (identity), UPI (payments), Account Aggregator (data sharing), Unified Lending Interface (credit), Bhashini (language), and ONDC (commerce). India has emerged as a global thought leader on DPI, exporting elements of its stack to multiple countries through bilateral partnerships and at the G20.

What is the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023?

India’s first comprehensive data protection law, enacted in August 2023. It establishes the rights of data principals (citizens), the obligations of data fiduciaries (entities collecting and processing data), penalties for breaches, and the Data Protection Board of India as the enforcement authority. It is the legal backbone of India’s data sovereignty agenda.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the recently launched “Bharat Digital Samvad”, consider the following statements:

1. It has been launched by the Bharath Digital Infrastructure Association (BDIA).
2. It is described as India’s first dedicated national forum on digital sovereignty and infrastructure policy.
3. It brings together policymakers, regulators, digital platforms, broadcasters, academia, and innovators.
4. The initiative promotes the principle of “Data Swaraj”.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the concept of “Data Swaraj”:

1. It asserts India’s sovereign right to control how its data is collected, stored, governed, and monetised.
2. It applies the broader concept of “swaraj” (self-rule) to the digital domain.
3. It frames data as a sovereign resource rather than a freely traded global commodity.
4. India’s digital economy is projected to cross USD 1 trillion by 2030.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. Consider the following statements about Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in India:

1. DPI refers to open, interoperable digital systems serving as foundational layers for government, private sector, and citizen interactions.
2. India’s DPI stack includes Aadhaar, UPI, Account Aggregator, Unified Lending Interface, Bhashini, and ONDC.
3. India has been exporting elements of its DPI stack to multiple countries through bilateral partnerships.
4. The Digital Public Infrastructure framework is operated solely by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. With reference to the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, consider the following statements:

1. It is India’s first comprehensive data protection law.
2. It was enacted in August 2023.
3. The Act establishes a Data Protection Board of India as the enforcement authority.
4. The Act distinguishes between data principals and data fiduciaries.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; DPI in India is not operated solely by MeitY. While MeitY coordinates many digital initiatives, individual DPI elements are operated by different bodies, NPCI for UPI, UIDAI for Aadhaar, ReBIT and RBI for Account Aggregator, DPIIT and Quality Council of India for ONDC, and so on. DPI is a multi-agency, multi-stakeholder framework, not a single-ministry construct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

4. Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) 5.0

Context:

Bankers are reporting early traction under the revived Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) 5.0, with a steady rise in enquiries and applications from MSMEs, though they caution that it is too early to gauge the eventual disbursement outcome. The scheme, launched earlier in May 2026, is designed to cushion businesses against disruptions arising from the West Asia conflict, offering 100 per cent government guarantee to standard MSMEs and 90 per cent guarantee to non-MSMEs including airlines. The initial response suggests that MSMEs may be shoring up liquidity buffers and securing additional credit lines amid an uncertain operating environment, rather than necessarily reflecting underlying stress.

What is Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) 5.0?

ECLGS 5.0 is the latest version of the Government of India’s flagship credit-guarantee scheme, launched in May 2026 to cushion businesses against the economic disruptions arising from the 2026 West Asia conflict (oil prices above USD 100 per barrel, Strait of Hormuz disruption, supply-chain shocks, currency depreciation). It revives and adapts the template originally launched in May 2020 as a COVID-19 liquidity backstop.

Under the scheme, the Government provides a sovereign guarantee to member lending institutions (banks, NBFCs, financial institutions) for incremental loans extended to eligible borrowers. The guarantee covers a substantial portion of the credit risk, encouraging lenders to extend credit during stressed periods that they would otherwise consider too risky.

Administering Bodies

Body	Role
Ministry of Finance, Department of Financial Services (DFS)	Policy framework and budgetary backing
National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC)	Implementing agency; administers guarantees, claims, recoveries
Member Lending Institutions (MLIs)	Banks, NBFCs, FIs that disburse the loans
Ministry of MSME	Coordinates with eligible MSME borrowers

Key Design Features of ECLGS 5.0

Guarantee structure:

Borrower Category	Government Guarantee
Standard MSMEs	100 per cent
Non-MSMEs (including airlines)	90 per cent

Credit limits:

Borrower Category	Additional Credit Available	Cap per Borrower
Standard MSMEs with existing working capital limits	Up to 20 per cent of peak working capital utilised in Q4 FY26	₹100 crore
Airlines	Up to 100 per cent of peak working capital	₹1,500 crore

Eligibility conditions:

• Borrower must be in the books of the MLI as a standard account (no NPA classification).
• For MSMEs, the borrower must be an existing customer with a working capital limit.
• Account must be in good standing as on a cut-off date set by the scheme.
• Tenure of the loan: typically 5 years, with a moratorium on principal repayment (usually 1 year) and equated repayment thereafter.
• Interest rate cap: prescribed by RBI/NCGTC to keep credit affordable (historically capped at MCLR + 1 per cent for banks and 14 per cent for NBFCs).

Sectoral allocation:

• Total targeted credit flow: ₹2.55 trillion.
• Earmarked for airlines: ₹5,000 crore.
• MSMEs and other sectors: balance.

Evolution: ECLGS 1.0 through 5.0

ECLGS was originally launched in May 2020 as part of the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan to cushion the COVID-19 economic shock, alongside a regulatory standstill that froze days-past-due classification temporarily. Versions 1.0 to 4.0 were rolled out between 2020 and 2022, expanding coverage to different sectors (MSMEs, healthcare, hospitality, tourism, civil aviation, contact-intensive services), raising loan caps, and extending tenures.

Version	Period	Primary Focus
ECLGS 1.0 (May 2020)	COVID first wave	MSMEs and small businesses with existing credit lines
ECLGS 2.0 (Nov 2020)	Sectoral stress	26 stressed sectors identified by Kamath Committee + healthcare
ECLGS 3.0 (Mar 2021)	Hospitality and travel	Hospitality, travel, tourism, leisure, sporting sectors
ECLGS 3.0 (extended) (May 2021)	COVID second wave	Civil aviation added; sector limits raised
ECLGS 4.0 (May 2021)	Healthcare	On-site oxygen generation plants, hospital infrastructure
Original ECLGS	Closed 31 March 2023	₹3.61 trillion guarantees; ₹2.82 trillion disbursements
ECLGS 5.0 (May 2026)	2026 West Asia conflict	MSMEs + airlines; ₹2.55 trillion target

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS)?

A government-backed credit-guarantee scheme that provides 100 per cent (or 90 per cent for some categories) sovereign guarantees to banks and lending institutions for loans extended to eligible MSMEs and other businesses. The scheme is administered by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC) under the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance. The first version was launched in May 2020 to cushion the COVID-19 economic shock and concluded on 31 March 2023. ECLGS 5.0, launched in May 2026, is the revived version targeted at disruptions arising from the West Asia conflict.

What is the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC)?

A wholly-owned subsidiary of the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, incorporated under the Companies Act in 2014. It acts as the common trustee company for various credit-guarantee funds of the Government of India, including the ECLGS, the Credit Guarantee Fund for Stand Up India (CGFSI), and others. It manages claims, disbursements, and recoveries on behalf of lender banks under government-guaranteed schemes.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the recently launched ECLGS 5.0, consider the following statements:

1. The scheme is designed to cushion businesses against disruptions arising from the West Asia conflict.
2. Standard MSMEs are eligible for loans with 100 per cent government guarantee.
3. Non-MSMEs, including airlines, are eligible for a 90 per cent government guarantee.
4. The government has targeted a total additional credit flow of ₹2.55 trillion under the scheme.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the credit limits under ECLGS 5.0:

1. Standard MSMEs can avail additional credit of up to 20 per cent of peak Q4 FY26 working capital, capped at ₹100 crore.
2. Airlines can avail up to 100 per cent of peak working capital, capped at ₹1,500 crore per borrower.
3. ₹5,000 crore has been specifically earmarked for the airline sector.
4. Airlines are eligible for 100 per cent government guarantee under the scheme.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. Consider the following statements about the legacy of the original ECLGS:

1. The original ECLGS was launched as a COVID-19 liquidity backstop in May 2020.
2. It concluded on 31 March 2023.
3. The scheme provided ₹3.61 trillion in total guarantees.
4. It is credited with saving around 1.46 million MSME units and protecting an estimated 15 million jobs.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC):

1. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance.
2. It was incorporated in 2014 under the Companies Act.
3. It acts as the common trustee company for various credit-guarantee funds of the Government of India.
4. It is the implementing agency for the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; airlines, being non-MSMEs, get a 90 per cent government guarantee under ECLGS 5.0, NOT 100 per cent. The 100 per cent guarantee is reserved for standard MSMEs.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

Banking/Finance

1. Fintech Jumpp Receives IRDAI Corporate Agency and ISNP Licences to Distribute Insurance Through AI-Powered Platform

Context of the News

The conversational fintech platform Jumpp, operated by the Finvasia Group, has received both a Corporate Agency licence and an Insurance Self Network Platform (ISNP) licence from the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), allowing it to digitally distribute insurance products through its AI-powered platform.

Key Highlights

• Company: Jumpp, conversational fintech platform.
• Operator: Finvasia Group.

Licences received from IRDAI:

Licence	Function
Corporate Agency	Sell insurance products of multiple insurers (typically up to 9 per line of business)
Insurance Self Network Platform (ISNP)	Operate a fully digital, end-to-end insurance distribution platform online

Insurance products planned:

• Health, Life, Motor, Business, Home.
• Distribution through partnerships with insurers.
• Fully digital policy discovery, purchase, and management.

Embedded-finance stack on Jumpp:

Layer	Authorisation	Service
Banking + BBPS	Partnership with YES Bank	Bank-grade services, bill payments
Payments	NPCI authorisation	UPI payments
Investments	Finvasia Group’s existing brokerage operations	Equities, MFs, derivatives
Insurance	IRDAI Corporate Agency + ISNP	Multi-product, multi-insurer distribution
Data layer	Account Aggregator (AA) framework	Consolidated multi-account dashboard
AI layer	Proprietary	Personalised financial and insurance recommendations

Broader sectoral context (IRDAI’s vision):

• “Insurance for All by 2047” mission.
• Bima Trinity:
  • Bima Sugam (open-architecture marketplace).
  • Bima Vistaar (bundled rural cover).
  • Bima Vahak (women-led village distribution).

About the News (Q&A)

What has Jumpp received from IRDAI?

A Corporate Agency licence to sell insurance products of multiple insurers, and an Insurance Self Network Platform (ISNP) licence to operate a fully digital end-to-end insurance distribution platform. Together, these create a complete digital intermediary framework.

What is the embedded-finance significance?

Jumpp now houses banking, bill payments, UPI, investments, and insurance within a single app, integrated with the Account Aggregator framework for consolidated financial visibility and powered by AI-driven recommendations. This is the embedded-finance super-app architecture that India’s fintech sector is increasingly moving toward.

Why does the Account Aggregator framework matter?

Because it allows Jumpp to read a user’s financial position across accounts (with consent), then recommend insurance products that actually match the user’s needs, reducing the mis-selling that has historically plagued Indian insurance distribution.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is a Corporate Agent and what is an Insurance Self Network Platform (ISNP)?

A Corporate Agent is a registered intermediary authorised by IRDAI to sell insurance products of insurers with whom it has a formal tie-up. Under IRDAI rules, a corporate agent can typically partner with up to 9 insurers per line of business (life, general, health). An Insurance Self Network Platform (ISNP) is a digital insurance marketplace authorised by IRDAI to issue, service, and manage insurance policies entirely online. ISNP guidelines were issued by IRDAI in 2017 to enable a fully digital, end-to-end insurance experience, from policy discovery through claims, on a single regulated platform.

What is the Account Aggregator (AA) framework?

A regulated, consent-based digital framework that allows individuals and businesses to securely share their financial data across regulated entities (banks, insurers, mutual funds, NBFCs, pension funds). It is regulated by the RBI under the NBFC-Account Aggregator Master Direction (2016), and is interoperable across financial-sector regulators (RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA) through ReBIT-led technical standards. The AA framework allows users to consolidate financial data for easier credit underwriting, personalised financial recommendations, and integrated dashboards, while keeping the user firmly in control through explicit, revocable consent.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the recent IRDAI approval received by Jumpp, consider the following statements:

1. Jumpp has received a Corporate Agency licence and an Insurance Self Network Platform licence from IRDAI.
2. The platform is operated by the Finvasia Group.
3. Jumpp plans to offer health, life, motor, business, and home insurance.
4. The platform integrates with the Account Aggregator framework for a consolidated financial dashboard.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about Insurance distribution intermediaries in India:

1. A Corporate Agent under IRDAI rules can tie up with multiple insurers, typically up to 9 per line of business.
2. An ISNP is authorised by IRDAI to operate a fully digital insurance distribution platform.
3. ISNP guidelines were issued by IRDAI in 2017.
4. Insurance Self Network Platforms are regulated by SEBI under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to the Account Aggregator (AA) framework, consider the following statements:

1. It is a regulated, consent-based digital framework for financial data sharing.
2. It is regulated by the RBI under the NBFC-Account Aggregator Master Direction.
3. It is interoperable across financial sector regulators including RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, and PFRDA.
4. The framework allows automatic data sharing without explicit user consent.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about IRDAI’s “Bima Trinity”:

1. Bima Sugam is a unified, open-architecture insurance marketplace.
2. Bima Vistaar is a bundled, simple-cover product designed for underserved rural households.
3. Bima Vahak is a women-led village-level distribution force.
4. The Bima Trinity is part of IRDAI’s “Insurance for All by 2047” vision.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; ISNPs are regulated by IRDAI under the Insurance Act and IRDAI regulations, NOT by SEBI under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act.
3. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the Account Aggregator framework is strictly consent-based, with the user giving explicit, revocable consent for each data-sharing request. Automatic data sharing without consent is not permitted.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

Agriculture

1. Khet Bachao Abhiyan

Source: News on Air

Context:

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), has announced major achievements under the nationwide “Khet Bachao Abhiyan”, a campaign aimed at promoting balanced fertilizer use, soil test-based nutrient management, and sustainable farming practices. The campaign was designed to reduce excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers, particularly urea, which is heavily over-applied in India and contributes to declining soil health, nutrient imbalance, groundwater pollution, and high subsidy outgo.

Key Highlights

• Campaign: Khet Bachao Abhiyan.
• Lead agency: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• Parent department: Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.

Aims of the Abhiyan:

• Promote soil test-based nutrient management.
• Reduce excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers (especially urea).
• Improve soil fertility and sustainable productivity.
• Encourage environmentally responsible farming practices.

Key practices promoted:

• Green manuring (in-situ ploughing of leguminous crops to enrich soil).
• Bio-fertilizers (microorganism-based inputs such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, PSB).
• Organic nutrient sources (compost, vermicompost, FYM).
• Soil-test-based fertilizer recommendations.

Broader policy connections:

• Soil Health Card scheme (2015) for soil testing.
• PM-PRANAM (PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Generation, Nourishment and Amelioration of Mother Earth), launched 2023, incentivising states to reduce chemical fertilizer use.
• Dalhan Aatmanirbharta Mission (October 2025) for pulse self-sufficiency, which supports nitrogen-fixing crops.
• ₹2 lakh crore annual fertilizer subsidy, large share lost to inefficiency.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)?

An autonomous body under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare. Established in 1929 as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, headquartered in New Delhi. ICAR coordinates agricultural research, education, and extension across India through a network of ~113 research institutes, 74 agricultural universities, and 731 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) at the district level.

What is Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)?

A holistic approach to plant nutrition that combines chemical fertilizers, organic manures, bio-fertilizers, and crop residues based on soil tests and crop needs, with the aim of maintaining soil fertility, optimising nutrient use efficiency, and minimising environmental damage. INM is the foundation for sustainable agricultural productivity in India.

What is PM-PRANAM?

The PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Generation, Nourishment and Amelioration of Mother Earth, launched in 2023 by the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. It incentivises states and union territories to reduce chemical fertilizer use by sharing a portion of the savings in subsidy with states that achieve reductions. States can use the funds for alternative fertilizers, organic farming, soil health improvement, and natural farming.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the Khet Bachao Abhiyan, consider the following statements:

1. It has been launched by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education.
2. It aims to promote soil test-based nutrient management and reduce excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers.
3. It includes capacity-building, field demonstrations, and multi-platform outreach.
4. The campaign reportedly reached over 2.7 crore citizens nationwide.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR):

1. ICAR is an autonomous body under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education.
2. It was established in 1929 as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
3. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
4. Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) operate under the ICAR network at the district level.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. Consider the following statements about Integrated Nutrient Management (INM):

1. INM combines chemical fertilizers, organic manures, bio-fertilizers, and crop residues based on soil tests.
2. INM aims to optimise nutrient use efficiency and minimise environmental damage.
3. Bio-fertilizers include microorganism-based inputs such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB).
4. Green manuring involves the in-situ ploughing of leguminous crops to enrich the soil.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. With reference to the PM-PRANAM scheme, consider the following statements:

1. PM-PRANAM stands for Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Generation, Nourishment and Amelioration of Mother Earth.
2. It was launched by the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
3. It incentivises states to reduce chemical fertilizer use by sharing a portion of subsidy savings with the states.
4. States can use the released funds for alternative fertilizers, organic farming, and natural farming.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

Exam Relevance

Exam	Relevance
NABARD Grade A	Very high importance on agriculture, rural credit, sustainability
Agriculture, Geography, Environment Optional	Sustainable agriculture, soil management, agricultural policy

Facts To Remember

1. Union Minister Dr. Virendra Kumar Launches ‘JEEVAN’ Mobile App and ‘SHATAYU’ Dashboard

Dr. Virendra Kumar launched the “JEEVAN” mobile application and “SHATAYU” Geriatric Caregiver Dashboard to strengthen elderly welfare and digital caregiving services in India. The platforms were launched during a national workshop on creating a well-functioning care economy organised by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The initiative aims to improve accessibility to welfare schemes, support services, and geriatric care resources for senior citizens.

2. ANRF Selects 10 Convergence Research Centres of Excellence

The Anusandhan National Research Foundation selected 10 institutions under its Convergence Research Centres of Excellence programme to promote multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary research. The programme supports research integrating science, technology, humanities, and social sciences for solving complex societal challenges. Selected centres can receive funding support of up to Rs 25 crore for projects lasting up to five years.

3. ITBP’s First All-Women Expedition Successfully Summits Mount Everest

The Indo-Tibetan Border Police completed its first-ever all-women international expedition to Mount Everest with a 14-member team successfully reaching the summit via the South Col Route in Nepal. Simultaneously, the Border Security Force also completed its first all-women Everest expedition under “Mission Vande Mataram”. Both expeditions supported the “Clean Himalaya – Save Glacier” campaign and promoted environmental conservation in the Himalayan region.

4. BIT Mesra and NESAC Sign MoU for GeoAI and Geospatial Research

BIT Mesra and the North Eastern Space Applications Centre signed an MoU to strengthen collaboration in geospatial technologies, GeoAI, remote sensing, and higher education. The agreement aims to enhance research, training, satellite data applications, and academic accessibility for students from the North Eastern region. The partnership also includes provisions for internships, joint research, workshops, and specialised GeoAI courses.

5. BDIA Launches ‘Bharat Digital Samvad’ in New Delhi

The Bharath Digital Infrastructure Association launched “Bharat Digital Samvad”, India’s first dedicated national forum on digital sovereignty and infrastructure policy, in New Delhi. The platform aims to promote collaboration among policymakers, regulators, industry stakeholders, digital platforms, and academia. It focuses on areas such as AI, cybersecurity, Digital Public Infrastructure, cloud computing, and the principle of “Data Swaraj”.

6. PM Narendra Modi Visits Italy on May 19–20, 2026

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Italy on a two-day official visit and held bilateral talks with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni in Rome. During the visit, PM Modi received the “Agricola Medal”, the highest honour of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). India and Italy elevated bilateral ties to a Special Strategic Partnership and signed multiple agreements covering critical minerals, defence, higher education, climate research, and agriculture.

7. RBI Declares Record Rs 2.87 Lakh Crore Dividend to Government for FY26

The Reserve Bank of India approved a record surplus transfer of Rs 2.87 lakh crore to the Government of India for FY26. The decision was taken during the 623rd meeting of the RBI Central Board chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra. RBI also maintained the Contingency Risk Buffer at 6.5% of the balance sheet while reporting strong growth in income and balance sheet expansion.

8. Skydo Secures PSP Approval in GIFT City and RBI Nod for Outward Remittances

Cross-border payments platform Skydo secured in-principle approval to operate as a Payment Service Provider in GIFT City and also received RBI approval under the Payment Aggregator-Cross Border framework. The approvals will enable the company to process both inbound and outbound international payments through a unified platform. Skydo plans to expand services including multi-currency collections and merchant acquisition for global trade.

9. Major Abhilasha Barak Receives UN Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award

Major Abhilasha Barak of the Indian Army was selected for the United Nations Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award 2025. She was recognised for promoting gender sensitisation and community outreach activities during her deployment with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. She is also India’s first woman combat helicopter pilot in the Army Aviation Corps.

10. Karnataka Grameena Bank Receives National Award for APY Performance

Karnataka Grameena Bank received a national award from the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority for outstanding enrolment performance under the Atal Pension Yojana. The bank achieved 142% of its enrolment target by opening over 2.49 lakh APY accounts. The award was presented during the APY Annual Felicitation Programme in New Delhi.

11. ACC Extends Tenure of NCB Director General Anurag Garg Till 2027

The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet extended the tenure of Narcotics Control Bureau Director General Anurag Garg till July 31, 2027. Garg is a 1993-batch IPS officer of the Himachal Pradesh cadre and has served in several leadership roles in policing, vigilance, and law enforcement. He has been serving as DG of NCB since September 2024.

12. India Successfully Test-Fires Agni-1 Ballistic Missile

India successfully test-fired the Agni-1 Short-Range Ballistic Missile from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur, Odisha under the Strategic Forces Command. The missile is capable of carrying conventional and nuclear warheads with a strike range of up to 1,200 kilometres in some configurations. Developed by DRDO, Agni-1 forms part of India’s strategic deterrence capabilities.

13. Vice President Releases Book “The Library Man of India”

Vice President C. P. Radhakrishnan released the book “The Library Man of India: The Story of P.N. Panicker” authored by P. P. Sathyan in New Delhi. The book highlights the contributions of P.N. Panicker, regarded as the father of the library movement in Kerala. It also showcases his role in expanding public libraries and promoting mass literacy campaigns.

14. World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 2026 – May 21

World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 2026 was observed globally on May 21 to promote cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue, and inclusive development. The observance is led annually by UNESCO following a UN General Assembly resolution adopted in 2002. The day highlights cultural diversity as a common heritage of humanity and an important driver of sustainable development.

15. National Anti-Terrorism Day 2026 – May 21

National Anti-Terrorism Day 2026 was observed across India on May 21 to mark the death anniversary of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who was assassinated in 1991. The day aims to spread awareness against terrorism and violence while promoting national unity and peace. The observance is coordinated annually by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

16. International Day for Biological Diversity 2026 – May 22

The International Day for Biological Diversity 2026 was observed globally on May 22 to raise awareness about biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. The 2026 theme was “Acting locally for global impact.” In India, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change organised national-level celebrations in Bhopal in collaboration with the National Biodiversity Authority and the International Big Cat Alliance.