Context
As the International Day of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) (3rd December 2025) reminds us of the need for an inclusive society, India is making strong progress toward inclusivity for PwDs, driven by major legal and policy reforms, government initiatives and landmark events like Purple Fest 2025.
What are the Key Legal Framework and Government Initiatives for Disability Rights in India?
Legal Framework for Empowering Divyangjans
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPwD Act)
- The main law safeguarding the rights of persons with disabilities in India.
- Recognises 21 categories of disabilities.
- Mandates reservation in education and employment.
- Places a legal obligation on governments to ensure accessibility, equality, and full participation.
- India ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in 2007, committing to align domestic laws and policies with international disability rights standards.
National Trust Act, 1999
- Focuses on the welfare of persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Intellectual Disability, and Multiple Disabilities.
- Emphasises guardianship, independent living, and community-based support.
Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) Act, 1992
- Regulates and monitors rehabilitation and special education training programmes.
- Maintains a Central Rehabilitation Register of qualified professionals to ensure quality services.
Scheme for Implementation of RPwD Act, 2016 (SIPDA)
- Provides financial and technical assistance for implementing the RPwD Act.
- Supports projects related to accessibility, awareness generation, skill development, and inclusive infrastructure.
Government Initiatives
Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan (Accessible India Campaign)
- Aims to ensure universal accessibility across:
- Built infrastructure
- Transport systems
- Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
- The revamped Sugamya Bharat App:
- Provides information
- Enables grievance redressal
- Helps map accessibility gaps
- Guided by the vision of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, it addresses long-standing barriers faced by persons with disabilities.
Assistance to Disabled Persons (ADIP) Scheme
- Provides modern aids and assistive devices to Divyangjans.
- Covers corrective surgeries such as cochlear implants.
- Supports physical rehabilitation and economic independence.
Unique ID for Persons with Disabilities (UDID)
- Creates a national database of persons with disabilities.
- Issues a Unique Disability Identity Card.
- Streamlines benefit delivery and prevents duplication.
Deendayal Divyangjan Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS)
- Provides financial support to voluntary organisations.
- Supports education, vocational training, and rehabilitation of Divyangjans.
PRASHAST App
- Used for early screening and identification of disabilities among school children.
- Enables timely intervention and inclusive education planning.
National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC)
- Promotes economic empowerment of Divyangjans.
- Provides concessional loans for self-employment.
- Implements schemes such as Divyangjan Swavalamban Yojana.
PM-DAKSH–DEPwD Portal
- A one-stop digital platform for skill development and employment.
- Includes:
- Divyangjan Kaushal Vikas for skill training
- Divyangjan Rozgar Setu for linking job seekers with employers
- Works with private sector partners to improve employment outcomes.
Divya Kala Mela
- A national platform for Divyangjan entrepreneurs and artisans.
- Enables marketing and sale of products.
- Aligns with the Vocal for Local initiative and promotes self-reliance.
Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO)
- A not-for-profit Central Public Sector Undertaking.
- Manufactures and distributes affordable assistive devices.
- Expanding outreach through Pradhanmantri Divyasha Kendras.
Promotion of Indian Sign Language (ISL)
- Led by the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC).
- Develops standardised Indian Sign Language resources.
- Maintains a digital repository of over 10,000 signs and educational videos.
- Supports inclusion of hearing-impaired persons in education and public life.
What are the Challenges Confronting Persons with Disabilities (PwD) in India?
Accessibility Challenges
- Most public buildings and spaces are still not disability-friendly.
- Basic features like ramps, handrails, tactile paths, lifts, and clear signage are often missing.
- Many government and private digital platforms are not designed for screen readers, captions, or other accessibility tools.
- A government assessment in 2018 showed that only about 3% of buildings were fully accessible for persons with disabilities.
Gaps in Inclusive Education
- Many schools lack trained special educators and support staff.
- Infrastructure such as accessible classrooms, toilets, and transport is inadequate.
- Learning materials are often not adapted to different disabilities.
- Individualised support and assistive technologies are limited.
- Social stigma and negative attitudes further discourage participation.
- As a result, only 19.3% of persons with disabilities aged 15 and above complete secondary education or higher.
Employment and Economic Exclusion
- Employment levels among persons with disabilities remain very low.
- Many private employers hesitate to hire due to misconceptions about productivity.
- Workplaces often lack reasonable accommodations and inclusive hiring policies.
- Skill development and job-matching opportunities are limited.
- Out of around 1.3 crore employable persons with disabilities, only about 34 lakh are currently employed.
High Healthcare Costs and Limited Support
- Assistive devices, therapies, and long-term care are expensive.
- Health insurance coverage for disability-related needs is inadequate.
- Many families are unable to afford continuous treatment and rehabilitation.
- There is a shortage of trained rehabilitation and mental health professionals.
- Mental health services, especially for psychosocial disabilities, remain severely neglected.
What Further Steps are Necessary to Advance Inclusivity and Accessibility for PwDs in India?
Bridge the Governance Gap
- Ensure strict and time-bound enforcement of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
- Close gaps between law and practice through clear deadlines and accountability.
- Strengthen authorities such as the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities with real powers to impose penalties and resolve grievances effectively.
Universalise Accessibility
- Make all public buildings, transport systems, and digital platforms accessible.
- Retrofit existing infrastructure under the Accessible India Campaign in a planned manner.
- Conduct regular accessibility audits with fixed timelines in line with UNCRPD commitments.
Economic Empowerment through Skills
- Expand the PM-DAKSH scheme and align it with the Skill India Mission.
- Focus on job-oriented and market-relevant vocational training.
- Improve employment outcomes by strengthening job matching through the Rozgar Setu portal.
Promote Innovation in Assistive Technology
- Increase investment in research and development of accessible and assistive technologies.
- Support AI-based solutions for mobility, communication, and digital inclusion.
- Encourage start-ups and innovation through institutions like ALIMCO and dedicated incubation support.
Conclusion
India has put in place a strong legal and policy framework for the rights of persons with disabilities, led by the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 and the Accessible India Campaign. However, the real challenge lies in effective implementation on the ground. Strict enforcement of disability laws, timely compliance by institutions, and strong accountability mechanisms are essential to turn rights into reality. At the same time, persons with disabilities need greater access to skill development, employment opportunities, and entrepreneurship so that they can participate meaningfully in economic growth. Investing in accessible and affordable technologies, including digital and assistive innovations, will further remove everyday barriers. Together, these steps are crucial to ensure the full inclusion of persons with disabilities in India’s vision of a Viksit Bharat.
