Context:
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced the development of its heaviest rocket ever the Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV), which is expected to be ready by 2035.
What is LMLV?
- India’s most powerful rocket under development by ISRO.
- Specifically designed for lunar and interplanetary missions.
- Aimed at enabling crewed lunar missions by 2040 and supporting deep space exploration.
Key Objectives
- Carry large payloads to the Moon (~27 tonnes).
- Support human spaceflight programs beyond Earth orbit.
- Strengthen India’s self-reliance in heavy-lift and space exploration technology.
Evolution of ISRO’s Launch Vehicles
- Sounding Rockets (1963)
- First launch: Nike Apache from Thumba, Kerala.
- Used for atmospheric studies, not orbital flights.
- SLV-3 (Satellite Launch Vehicle) – 1980
- India’s first indigenous orbital launch vehicle.
- Placed Rohini satellite in orbit. Led by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
- ASLV (Augmented SLV) – 1987–94
- Added strap-on boosters for improved payload capacity (~150 kg).
- Limited success.
- PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) – 1994 onwards
- Workhorse rocket, high reliability.
- Payload: ~1,000–1,750 kg to LEO.
- Key missions: Chandrayaan-1 (2008), Mangalyaan (2013).
- GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle)
- Introduced cryogenic engine technology after US tech denial.
- Payload: ~2,000–2,500 kg to GTO.
- LVM-3 / GSLV Mk-III – 2017 onwards
- India’s current heaviest operational rocket.
- Payload: ~4,000 kg to GTO.
- Key missions: Chandrayaan-2 (2019), Chandrayaan-3 (2023).
- LMLV (Lunar Module Launch Vehicle) – Planned 2035
- Will surpass all previous rockets.
- Foundation for India’s human lunar missions.
Why is LMLV Important?
- Positions India among elite nations capable of human lunar missions.
- Boosts technological independence in heavy-lift launch vehicles.
- Supports India’s long-term deep space exploration vision (Moon, Mars, beyond).
