Context:
India plans to restrict the import of genetically modified (GM) alfalfa seeds, despite U.S. pressure to reduce import duties and allow market access. The move aligns with India’s precautionary approach to GM organisms and its emphasis on domestic seed self-sufficiency.
Why Is the Restriction Being Considered?
- Concerns over GM contamination of domestic seed stocks.
- India has not approved GM alfalfa for commercial cultivation.
- Domestic alfalfa seed is available at ₹500–800/kg, while imported GM seeds are costlier due to duties.
- India already imports Berseem fodder seed from Egypt and CIS nations, but not alfalfa.
Government Measures Under Consideration
- Development of test kits to verify genetic modification status before unloading.
- Use of powers under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to regulate GM imports.
- Ensuring protection of indigenous biodiversity and seed sovereignty.
About Alfalfa (Lucerne)
- Scientific Name: Medicago sativa
- Also known as buffalo herb, purple medic, or Queen of Forages.
- Native to: Southwestern Asia
- Uses:
- High-protein livestock fodder
- Hay, silage, and green manure
- Improves soil nitrogen via symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti
- Benefits:
- Long lifespan (4–8 years), drought-resistance
- Enhances agricultural efficiency through nitrogen fixation
- Pollination: Insect-pollinated with purple flowers
GM Alfalfa: Key Features & Issue
- Genetic Traits:
- Herbicide resistance (especially to glyphosate)
- Reduced lignin content for better digestibility
- Developer: Monsanto (patent holder)
- Concerns:
- Risk of cross-contamination with non-GM varieties
- Dependence on patented seeds
- Environmental risks like herbicide resistance in weeds
Legal & Policy Framework in India
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 regulates GM organism imports.
- No GM food crop has received commercial cultivation approval in India, barring GM cotton.
