Daily Current Affairs (DCA) 1 June, 2026

Daily Current Affairs Quiz
1 June, 2026

National Affairs

1. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6)

Source: PIB

Context:

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has released the sixth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6), conducted in 2023-24 with the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai as the nodal agency. The survey covered nearly 6.79 lakh households across 715 districts and now provides district-level evidence on population, health, nutrition, and family welfare indicators. Two major shifts stand out. First, obesity and diabetes have risen sharply across India in just five years: obesity in women aged 15-49 has gone up from 24 per cent in NFHS-5 to 30.7 per cent in NFHS-6, while obesity in men in the same age group has risen from 22.9 per cent to 27.3 per cent.

Key Highlights

• Survey: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6).
• Reference period: 2023-24.
• Released by: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• Nodal agency: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai.

Major Findings

• Institutional deliveries increased from 88.6% to 90.6%, strengthening safe childbirth coverage across India.
• Antenatal Care (ANC) registration reached 95.9%, while first-trimester checkups improved to 76.2% and four ANC visits rose to 65.2%.
• India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) remained stable at 2.0, staying below the replacement level of 2.1.
• Child stunting declined significantly from 35.5% to 29.3%, while severe wasting reduced from 7.7% to 5.2%.
• Full immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months increased from 83.8% to 87.1%.
• Rotavirus vaccine coverage more than doubled from 36.4% to 85.4%, reflecting improved immunization outreach.
• Over 95.6% of childhood vaccinations were delivered through public healthcare facilities, indicating strong trust in government health systems.
• Household health insurance coverage rose sharply from 41% to 60.2%, supported by schemes like Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana.
• Internet usage among women increased from 33.3% to 64.3%, narrowing the female digital divide.
• Caesarean section deliveries rose sharply from 21.5% to 27.2%, raising concerns over increasing surgical births.

Key Challenges Identified

• Around 40.5% of children aged 6–8 months still do not receive adequate solid or semi-solid complementary food.
• Nearly 12.9% of children remain partially vaccinated or unvaccinated despite high overall immunization coverage.
• Rising lifestyle diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are emerging as major public health concerns.
• India continues to face a dual burden of undernutrition alongside rising adult overweight and obesity levels.
• Only 37.8% of pregnant women consumed iron-folic acid supplements for the recommended 180 days, indicating gaps in maternal nutrition compliance.

Background Concepts

What is the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and How is It Conducted?

The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, nationally representative, household-level sample survey that provides reliable data on population, health, nutrition, and family welfare in India. It is conducted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, with the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the nodal agency. Field work is carried out by a network of field agencies, with technical support from international partners like ICF (USA) for DHS-style surveys and WHO. The NFHS provides state-, district-, and national-level estimates on fertility, family planning, infant and child mortality, immunisation, nutrition, anaemia, women’s empowerment, gender-based violence, HIV/AIDS, and non-communicable disease risk factors. The first NFHS (NFHS-1) was conducted in 1992-93, and the rounds have grown progressively larger: NFHS-5 (2019-21) and now NFHS-6 (2023-24) with 6.79 lakh households across 715 districts. NFHS data is used for planning Ayushman Bharat, ICDS, POSHAN Abhiyaan, RBSK, Anaemia Mukt Bharat, NP-NCD, and many other welfare programmes.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6), consider the following statements:

1. NFHS-6 was conducted in 2023-24 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
2. The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, served as the nodal agency.
3. The survey covered around 6.79 lakh households across 715 districts.
4. NFHS-6 provides district-level estimates on population, health, nutrition, and family welfare.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the key findings of NFHS-6:

1. Obesity in women aged 15-49 has risen from 24 per cent in NFHS-5 to 30.7 per cent in NFHS-6.
2. Obesity in men aged 15-49 has risen from 22.9 per cent to 27.3 per cent.
3. Diabetes prevalence (on medication) has risen in both men and women between NFHS-5 and NFHS-6.
4. Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu are emerging as hotspots for overweight and obese adults.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to Caesarean (C-section) births in India, as per NFHS-6, consider the following statements:

1. The national share of births by C-section has risen from 21.5 per cent in NFHS-5 to 27.2 per cent in NFHS-6.
2. Private hospitals reported a C-section rate of 54.1 per cent compared to 16.9 per cent in public hospitals.
3. Urban areas reported a C-section rate of about 40.5 per cent compared to about 22.8 per cent in rural areas.
4. Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu reported some of the highest state-level C-section rates.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about obesity and Type 2 diabetes:

1. The World Health Organization considers excess body weight as one of the strongest risk factors for Type 2 diabetes.
2. Excess abdominal fat is linked to insulin resistance, which can lead to Type 2 diabetes.
3. Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 or above is classified as overweight under standard WHO criteria.
4. Maternal obesity and diabetes are associated with higher rates of Caesarean delivery.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

2. India’s First SkyCast System at IGI Airport, New Delhi

Source: TOI

Context:

Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh has inaugurated India’s first “SkyCast” System at the Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi. SkyCast is a next-generation, integrated atmospheric remote sensing system designed for aviation weather monitoring. It brings together multiple real-time measurements of fog, aerosols, turbulence, moisture, and visibility into a single, comprehensive aviation weather intelligence framework. The system has been developed under Mission Mausam, a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) aimed at making India weather-ready and climate-smart through upgraded observation networks, modelling, and forecasting.

Aim:

(a) Usher India into fog-free, weather-smart aviation.
(b) Reduce flight delays, cancellations, and diversions caused by adverse weather.
(c) Maximise safety during take-off and landing, the most weather-sensitive phases of flight.

Multi-sensor integration:

Instrument	What it does
Radar Wind Profiler	Measures wind speed, direction, and vertical motion in the lower atmosphere
SODAR (Sound Detection and Ranging)	Uses sound waves to study wind, turbulence, and boundary-layer behaviour
Microwave Radiometer	Measures temperature and humidity profiles vertically through the atmosphere
Ground-based Fog Aerosol Spectrometer (GFAS)	Studies fog droplet sizes and aerosol-fog interactions
CL61 Lidar-based Ceilometer	Uses laser pulses to map the vertical structure and density of fog and clouds

About the News

What is SkyCast?

SkyCast is India’s first integrated aviation weather intelligence system, designed to provide real-time atmospheric data on fog, aerosols, turbulence, moisture, and visibility, helping airports and pilots make safer take-off and landing decisions.

Where has it been launched and by whom?

Launched at Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi, by Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh, under Mission Mausam of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.

What instruments does it use?

(a) Radar Wind Profiler. (b) SODAR (Sound Detection and Ranging). (c) Microwave Radiometer. (d) Ground-based Fog Aerosol Spectrometer (GFAS). (e) CL61 Lidar-based Ceilometer.

Up to what altitude does it monitor the atmosphere?

Up to about 3 kilometres, mapping the boundary layer, wind, turbulence, temperature, and humidity in real time.

Why is GFAS especially important for Delhi?

Because Delhi’s winter fog is mixed with high levels of pollution and aerosols. The Ground-based Fog Aerosol Spectrometer can track droplet sizes and aerosol-fog interactions, which helps in understanding and forecasting the unique pollution-fog mix that affects flights.

What is the nowcasting window?

SkyCast provides precise nowcasts and real-time alerts within a 3-hour window, which is the most critical period for aviation flight planning.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is “Mission Mausam”, and What Does it Aim to Do?

Mission Mausam is a flagship initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) approved in September 2024, to make India weather-ready and climate-smart by upgrading its weather observation, modelling, and forecasting capabilities. The mission aims to build a world-class observation network of radars, wind profilers, balloons, ocean buoys, and satellites, deploy advanced numerical weather prediction models, and develop AI and Machine Learning-based forecasting tools to deliver hyperlocal, sector-specific weather forecasts for agriculture, aviation, disaster management, urban planning, water resources, and public health. The mission also focuses on specific weather phenomena like fog, thunderstorms, heatwaves, cold waves, and extreme rainfall, which cause major disruption and damage in India. Its implementing agencies include the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM, Pune), the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), and other MoES institutions. SkyCast is one of the first major operational deliverables under Mission Mausam, focused on aviation weather.

What is the “Atmospheric Boundary Layer”, and Why Does It Matter for Aviation and Pollution?

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL), also called the Planetary Boundary Layer, is the lowest part of the Earth’s atmosphere, typically extending from the surface up to about 1-3 kilometres, depending on time of day, weather, and location. Above the ABL lies the free atmosphere, where conditions are less influenced by surface friction, heating, and moisture. The ABL is critical for several reasons:

(a) It is the layer where most weather phenomena affecting daily life happen, including fog, low clouds, wind shear, turbulence, and pollution mixing.

(b) Aircraft take-off and landing happen entirely within this layer, making boundary-layer dynamics central to aviation safety.

(c) Pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 mix and disperse within the ABL. In winter, the ABL becomes shallow (cold ground compresses it), trapping pollution near the surface, which is why Delhi’s winter pollution is so severe.

(d) Fog formation depends on temperature and humidity profiles within the ABL.

SkyCast’s 3-km vertical monitoring is specifically designed to map the boundary layer in detail, which is why its data is useful for both aviation safety and urban pollution management.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to India’s first SkyCast System, consider the following statements:

1. SkyCast has been inaugurated at the Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi.
2. The system has been developed under Mission Mausam, an initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
3. It is designed to provide aviation weather intelligence by integrating multiple atmospheric remote-sensing instruments.
4. The system continuously monitors atmospheric conditions up to an altitude of about 3 kilometres.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the instruments integrated into the SkyCast System:

1. The Radar Wind Profiler measures wind speed, direction, and vertical motion in the lower atmosphere.
2. SODAR uses sound waves to study wind, turbulence, and boundary-layer behaviour.
3. The Microwave Radiometer measures temperature and humidity profiles through the atmosphere.
4. The CL61 Lidar-based Ceilometer is used to track the vertical structure and density of fog.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to Mission Mausam, consider the following statements:

1. Mission Mausam was approved by the Government of India in September 2024.
2. It is implemented under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
3. The mission focuses on upgrading weather observation, modelling, and forecasting capabilities to make India weather-ready and climate-smart.
4. Implementing agencies include the India Meteorological Department, IITM (Pune), and NCMRWF.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL):

1. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer is the lowest part of the Earth’s atmosphere, typically extending from the surface up to about 1-3 kilometres.
2. Most weather phenomena affecting daily life, including fog, turbulence, and low clouds, occur within the ABL.
3. The ABL becomes shallow in winter, trapping pollutants near the surface and contributing to severe urban air pollution.
4. Aircraft take-off and landing happen entirely within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

3. Sakura Science Programme 2026

Context:

The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), under the Ministry of Education, has flagged off a contingent of 56 Indian school students to Japan under the Sakura Science Programme 2026. The programme, originally launched as the Japan-Asia Youth Exchange Program in Science, is an international youth exchange initiative funded and implemented by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), a leading public agency under Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). It invites bright young minds from across the world to Japan for short-term visits that combine hands-on experience of Japan’s cutting-edge science and technology with immersion in Japanese culture, history, and society.

Key Highlights

• Programme: Sakura Science Programme 2026.
• Original name: Japan-Asia Youth Exchange Program in Science.
• Implemented by: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).
• Indian nodal agency: Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education.
• Participating Countries: Japan, India, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa

Aim of the programme:

(a) Broaden the intellectual horizons of young learners.
(b) Foster a spirit of scientific exploration.
(c) Strengthen bilateral ties through youth and education diplomacy.
(d) Expose students to Japan’s advanced science and technology ecosystem.
(e) Offer immersion in Japanese culture and heritage.

About the News

What is the Sakura Science Programme?

A Japan-funded international youth exchange initiative under which students from selected countries visit Japan for a week-long experiential learning programme combining advanced science exposure with cultural immersion.

Who runs it and who participated this year?

It is run by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). The May 2026 batch has students from India, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa. India sent 56 students through the Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is the National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship (NMMS) Scheme?

The National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship (NMMS) Scheme is a Government of India centrally sponsored scholarship scheme launched in 2008, run by the Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education. Its purpose is to identify meritorious students from economically weaker sections and support them to continue education beyond Class 8, especially up to Class 12, reducing dropout rates during the secondary stage of school. Eligible students are those whose parental income is below ₹3.5 lakh per year (the income ceiling has been revised over time), and who clear a two-tier selection examination comprising a Mental Ability Test (MAT) and a Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), conducted by State Education Departments. Successful candidates receive a scholarship of ₹12,000 per annum (revised from the earlier ₹6,000) for classes 9 to 12, paid directly into their bank accounts under the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Mission Mode. The scheme is implemented at the school level, and the selection through NMMS is now also used as a benchmark of merit for programmes like Sakura Science, ensuring that opportunities go to bright children from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the Sakura Science Programme 2026, consider the following statements:

1. The programme is funded and implemented by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).
2. The Indian contingent of 56 students was flagged off by the Department of School Education and Literacy under the Ministry of Education.
3. The 2026 batch includes participants from India, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa.
4. Indian participants are selected from meritorious government school students who have qualified the National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship (NMMS) examination.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Sakura Science Programme:

1. The programme was originally launched as the Japan-Asia Youth Exchange Program in Science.
2. India has been included in the programme since 2016.
3. Since India’s inclusion, a total of 674 Indian students and 96 supervisors have visited Japan under this framework.
4. The programme exclusively focuses on scientific exchange and has no cultural exchange component.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to the National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship (NMMS) Scheme, consider the following statements:

1. NMMS is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented by the Department of School Education and Literacy under the Ministry of Education.
2. The scheme aims to support meritorious students from economically weaker sections to continue education beyond Class 8.
3. Selection is based on a two-tier examination, including a Mental Ability Test (MAT) and a Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT).
4. The scholarship amount is disbursed via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) into the students’ bank accounts.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about India-Japan cooperation in science, technology, and education:

1. The Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) operates under Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).
2. India and Japan have a Special Strategic and Global Partnership.
3. India and Japan are also partners in the Quad along with the United States and Australia.
4. The Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail project uses Japanese Shinkansen technology.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the Sakura Science Programme explicitly includes a cultural exchange component, with immersive experiences to help students appreciate Japan’s history and social fabric, alongside scientific learning.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

4. Union Minister Launches Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI) and Four Digital Maritime Reforms

Source: PIB

Context:

The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways has launched the Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI) for FY 2024-25, along with four major digital governance platforms, during the 37th Foundation Day of the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA), India’s busiest container port. The reforms together mark a structural shift in India’s maritime administration, from paper-based, fragmented workflows to an integrated, AI-ready, and cloud-governed digital framework. The reforms have been developed mainly by the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, and are linked to the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan and the Sagar Aankalan framework for port performance benchmarking

Key Highlights

• Occasion: 37th Foundation Day of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA).
• Launched by: Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
• Developer: Directorate General of Shipping (DGS), Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.

Five reforms launched:

#	Initiative	What it does
1	Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI)	Benchmarks Indian ports across three cargo segments
2	24×7 e-Navik Grievance Redressal Module	Global grievance channel for Indian seafarers
3	e-Samudra Ship Registration Module	Digitises ship registration under the Indian flag
4	Medical Practitioner Module	Verified database of doctors certifying maritime crew fitness
5	Unified Ship Recycling Portal (Credit Note Module)	Links eco-compliant ship recycling to new shipbuilding incentives

About the News (Q&A)

What was launched, and where?

The Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI) for FY 2024-25 and four major digital governance platforms were launched at the 37th Foundation Day of the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA).

What is the Logistics Port Performance Index?

A port-benchmarking index built under the Sagar Aankalan framework and aligned with PM Gati Shakti, that ranks Indian ports across Dry Bulk, Liquid Bulk, and Container Cargo using metrics like vessel turnaround time, berth idle time, pre-berthing waiting time, and ship berth day output, balancing absolute performance with year-on-year improvement.

What is the e-Navik Grievance Redressal Module?

A 24×7 global welfare interface for Indian seafarers, allowing them to raise grievances from anywhere in the world through the e-Navik portal, WhatsApp, dedicated emails, and international toll-free helplines.

What does the e-Samudra Module do?

It digitises and streamlines ship registration under the Indian flag, helping shipowners avoid administrative delays and bringing India closer to the ease of registration offered by open-registry maritime nations.

What is the Medical Practitioner Module?

A central digital database for registering and verifying medical professionals who issue fitness certificates to maritime crews, designed to stop fraudulent health certifications.

What does the Unified Ship Recycling Portal offer?

Under the ₹70,000 crore Maritime Development Package, shipowners who recycle aging vessels at Hong Kong Convention-compliant Indian yards automatically get a digital credit note worth 40 per cent of the ship’s scrap value, which can be redeemed against new shipbuilding projects in India.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS), and What is Its Role?

The Directorate General of Shipping (DGS) is the principal maritime administration agency of the Government of India, headquartered in Mumbai, and functions under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. Set up under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, DGS is responsible for: (a) regulating merchant shipping in India; (b) ship registration under the Indian flag; (c) safety of life at sea (SOLAS) implementation; (d) seafarer recruitment, training, certification, and welfare; (e) enforcement of international maritime conventions (MARPOL, SOLAS, MLC 2006, Hong Kong Convention) in India; (f) port state and flag state control inspections; and (g) administration of laws like the Recycling of Ships Act, 2019. DGS is the regulator and developer of most of India’s maritime workforce, and it is the nodal agency for the four new digital modules launched alongside the LPPI.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the recent maritime digital reforms launched in India, consider the following statements:

1. The reforms were launched on the 37th Foundation Day of the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA).
2. They include the Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI) and four digital governance platforms developed by the Directorate General of Shipping.
3. The Logistics Port Performance Index has been developed under the Sagar Aankalan framework and aligned with the PM Gati Shakti Master Plan.
4. The LPPI benchmarks ports across three cargo verticals: Dry Bulk, Liquid Bulk, and Container Cargo.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the new digital modules launched alongside the LPPI:

1. The 24×7 e-Navik Grievance Redressal Module is a global welfare interface for Indian seafarers.
2. The e-Samudra Ship Registration Module digitises the process of registering commercial vessels under the Indian flag.
3. The Medical Practitioner Module manages a verified database of doctors authorised to issue fitness certificates to maritime crews.
4. The Unified Ship Recycling Portal allows shipowners who recycle vessels at Hong Kong Convention-compliant Indian yards to receive a credit note worth 40 per cent of the ship’s scrap value.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to the Hong Kong International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, consider the following statements:

1. The convention was adopted under the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
2. It covers the entire life cycle of a ship, from design and construction to recycling.
3. Each ship covered by the convention is required to have an Inventory of Hazardous Materials (IHM).
4. India has aligned its Recycling of Ships Act, 2019, with the Hong Kong Convention.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS):

1. DGS is the principal maritime administration agency of the Government of India, headquartered in Mumbai.
2. It functions under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
3. DGS handles ship registration, seafarer welfare, and enforcement of international maritime conventions in India.
4. The Directorate General of Shipping is a private commercial body that operates Indian shipping companies.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the DGS is a government regulatory body, NOT a private commercial entity. It does not operate shipping companies; it regulates the merchant shipping sector.

5. New Frog Species “Amolops Kamal” Discovered

Context:

A team of six scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) has recorded a new-to-science cascade-dwelling frog species from the hill-stream habitats near Singrep village in Kiphire district of Nagaland, which borders Myanmar. The species was discovered during a field survey in August 2024, and has been formally named in the latest issue of the journal Records of the Zoological Survey of India.

Key Highlights

• New species: Amolops kamal (common name: Nagaland Cascade Frog).
• Recorded by: Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), six-scientist team.
• Location: Hill-stream habitats near Singrep village, Kiphire district, Nagaland, bordering Myanmar.
• Year of field discovery: August 2024.
• Published in: Records of the Zoological Survey of India.
• Named after: Kamal Choudhury, former teacher at B. Barooah College, Guwahati.

About the News

What has been discovered?

A new-to-science cascade-dwelling frog species named Amolops kamal, with the common name Nagaland Cascade Frog, has been recorded in the hill streams near Singrep village in Kiphire district, Nagaland.

Who discovered it and how?

A team of six ZSI scientists led the field expedition in August 2024 and confirmed the new species using integrative taxonomy, which combines physical (morphological) features with molecular DNA-based phylogenetic analysis.

Why is the name “Amolops kamal” significant?

The species is named after Kamal Choudhury, the former teacher of the lead author of the study at B. Barooah College, Guwahati, in tribute to his role in shaping the researcher’s scientific journey.

What does the discovery mean scientifically?

It shows that Amolops indoburmanensis, previously thought to be a single widespread species, may in fact be a complex of several genetically distinct species. This is an example of a cryptic species complex, where multiple species look almost identical but are genetically different.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the newly described frog species Amolops kamal, consider the following statements:

1. The species was recorded in the hill-stream habitats of Kiphire district, Nagaland.
2. It was discovered by a team of six scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).
3. Its common name is the Nagaland Cascade Frog.
4. It belongs to the Amolops indoburmanensis species complex.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the genus Amolops:

1. The genus Amolops includes Asian cascade-dwelling frogs typically found in hill-stream habitats.
2. There are currently 90 recognised species of Amolops globally.
3. India has around 20 species of Amolops, classified mainly under three groups: Amolops marmoratus, Amolops monticola, and Amolops viridimaculatus.
4. The Amolops marmoratus group is the most diverse, with eight species in India.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), consider the following statements:

1. ZSI was established in 1916 and is headquartered in Kolkata.
2. It functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
3. ZSI is responsible for surveying India’s fauna, maintaining national zoological collections, and describing new species.
4. ZSI is the regulator of stock markets and securities in India.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about cryptic species and integrative taxonomy:

1. Cryptic species look nearly identical to the human eye but are genetically distinct.
2. Cryptic species are often discovered through molecular phylogenetic analysis.
3. Recognising cryptic species can lead to better-targeted conservation policies.
4. Cryptic species are extremely rare in amphibians and rarely affect biodiversity estimates.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the regulator of stock markets and securities in India is SEBI, NOT the ZSI. ZSI is a biodiversity and animal taxonomy research institute, not a financial regulator.
4. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; cryptic species are quite common in amphibians, and recognising them is significantly raising biodiversity estimates in many parts of the world, including Northeast India.

Banking/Finance

1. RBI Issues Master Direction on Expected Credit Loss (ECL) Provisioning

Context:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued a Master Direction on Expected Credit Loss (ECL) provisioning on 27 April, ending about three decades of rule-based provisioning in Indian banking. Until now, banks set aside provisions after a loan went bad, in fixed proportions that depended on how long the loan remained unpaid. Under the new approach, banks must provision before they incur a loss, by forecasting future losses based on loan health, economic stress scenarios, and recovery assumptions.

Key Highlights:

• Regulation: Master Direction on Expected Credit Loss (ECL) Provisioning.
• Issued by: Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• Implementation deadline: April 2027.
• What it replaces: Three decades of rule-based, after-the-fact loan-loss provisioning.

Old vs New approach at a glance:

Feature	Earlier Rule-Based	New ECL Framework
Trigger for provisioning	Loan turns bad and stays unpaid for a certain period	Forward-looking estimate, before actual loss
Basis for amount	Fixed proportions set by RBI norms	Forecasts of future losses
Inputs considered	Mainly days overdue	Loan health, stress scenarios, recovery assumptions
Frequency of judgment	Periodic and mechanical	Continuous and analytical
Earnings volatility	Lower, but provisioning often delayed	Higher, but more honest in real time

Three-stage ECL classification:

Stage	What it means	Provisioning
Stage I	Loans with low credit risk	Minimal provisioning (12-month expected loss)
Stage II	Loans showing significant increase in credit risk (SICR)	Higher lifetime expected loss provision
Stage III	Loans that have already become impaired (credit-impaired)	Lifetime expected loss provision based on actual impairment

About the News

What has the RBI announced?

A new Master Direction on Expected Credit Loss (ECL) provisioning, which replaces three decades of rule-based provisioning with a forward-looking, model-based approach, effective from April 2027.

How is the new approach different?

(a) Earlier, banks provisioned after a loan turned bad, based on how long it stayed unpaid. (b) Now, banks must predict losses in advance, using economic scenarios, loan health, and recovery assumptions. (c) The system shifts from reactive to forward-looking and analytical.

What is SICR, and why is it crucial?

Significant Increase in Credit Risk (SICR) is the trigger that moves a loan from Stage I (low risk) to Stage II (higher risk) in the ECL framework. Once a loan crosses SICR, banks must hold lifetime expected loss provisions, which are usually much higher than Stage I provisions. A 30-days-overdue rule is one common SICR trigger, but the authors warn that this may not work for all Indian loan types.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What is Expected Credit Loss (ECL), and How is It Different from the Old “Incurred Loss” Approach?

Expected Credit Loss (ECL) is a forward-looking accounting model for setting aside provisions for possible future credit losses on loans and other financial assets. It is based on the global accounting standard IFRS 9 (Financial Instruments), and its Indian counterpart Ind AS 109. Under ECL, banks must estimate possible future losses on all loans, even those that are still performing, based on probability of default, loss given default, and exposure at default, combined with forward-looking economic scenarios.

In contrast, the older “Incurred Loss” approach required banks to wait for a loss event to actually happen, such as a default or sustained overdue period, before recognising the loss in their books. The big criticism of the Incurred Loss approach, especially after the 2008 global financial crisis, was that banks acknowledged losses too late, when problems had already become too large to manage smoothly. ECL fixes this by requiring banks to anticipate losses based on credit conditions, building up provisions gradually and proactively. India’s adoption of ECL aligns its banks more closely with global best practices, supports better financial stability, and reduces the chance of sudden, large NPA shocks.

What is the “Three-Stage Classification” Under ECL, and What is SICR?

Under the ECL framework, loans are placed into one of three “stages” based on their credit risk, and provisions are calculated differently for each stage:

(a) Stage I, the performing stage, includes loans with low credit risk that are paying normally. Banks must hold a 12-month expected credit loss provision (losses that could occur in the next 12 months).

(b) Stage II, the underperforming stage, includes loans that have shown a Significant Increase in Credit Risk (SICR) since their origination, even if they are not yet impaired. Banks must hold a lifetime expected loss provision, which is much higher than Stage I.

(c) Stage III, the non-performing or credit-impaired stage, includes loans where actual default or impairment has occurred. Banks must also hold a lifetime expected loss provision, but the calculation is based on the actual impairment.

Significant Increase in Credit Risk (SICR) is the trigger that moves a loan from Stage I to Stage II. SICR can be measured through several indicators: (i) 30-days-overdue rule as a common benchmark; (ii) deterioration in credit rating since origination; (iii) economic stress indicators in the borrower’s sector or region; and (iv) qualitative factors like restructuring or watch-list status. Because provisioning rises sharply the moment a loan crosses SICR, the calibration of the SICR threshold is one of the most important governance and risk decisions a bank’s board will make under the new ECL regime.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the RBI’s new Master Direction on Expected Credit Loss (ECL) Provisioning, consider the following statements:

1. The Master Direction was issued by the RBI on 27 April and replaces three decades of rule-based provisioning.
2. Under the new framework, banks must provision before they actually incur a loss, based on forecasts of future losses.
3. The implementation deadline for Indian banks is April 2027.
4. The new framework continues the practice of provisioning only after a loan has gone bad and remained unpaid for a fixed period.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about Expected Credit Loss (ECL) vs Incurred Loss approach:

1. Under the Incurred Loss approach, banks recognised losses only after a default or impairment event had occurred.
2. The Expected Credit Loss approach is based on global accounting standard IFRS 9 and its Indian counterpart Ind AS 109.
3. ECL requires banks to estimate possible future losses on loans based on probability of default, loss given default, and exposure at default.
4. The adoption of ECL was driven partly by lessons from the 2008 global financial crisis.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to the three-stage classification under the ECL framework, consider the following statements:

1. Stage I loans carry low credit risk and require a 12-month expected loss provision.
2. Stage II loans are those that have shown a Significant Increase in Credit Risk (SICR) since origination and require lifetime expected loss provisions.
3. Stage III loans are those that have become credit-impaired or non-performing.
4. Stage I loans require higher provisions than Stage III loans.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about implementation challenges of the new ECL framework in India:

1. ECL models typically require at least five years of loan-level data across a full credit cycle to be reliable.
2. The 2018-20 NBFC stress period and the pandemic-era loan restructuring wave are important data points for Indian banks.
3. A World Bank survey of IFRS 9 supervisors found that data quality was the single biggest implementation failure across jurisdictions.
4. Indian banks have already widely built expertise in loss-given-default and lifetime loss value estimation through their use of the Advanced Internal Ratings-Based approach for capital estimation.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the new framework moves AWAY from provisioning only after a loan has gone bad, and instead requires forward-looking provisioning based on forecasts.
2. (e), All four statements are correct.
3. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; Stage I requires LOWER provisions (only 12-month expected loss), while Stage III requires lifetime expected loss provisions based on actual impairment, which are generally much higher than Stage I provisions.
4. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; according to the article, Indian banks largely did NOT adopt the Advanced Internal Ratings-Based approach for capital estimation, and expertise in loss-given-default, lifetime loss value, and macro-projection-based estimation exists only in pockets, not widely.

Exam Relevance

Exam	Relevance
UPSC Prelims	GS Paper III on Indian Economy (RBI, Banking, NPAs, IFRS 9, Ind AS 109)
BPSC and State PCS	Banking, Economy, Current Affairs
Banking (RBI Gr B, SBI PO, IBPS, NABARD)	Very high importance, banking regulation, accounting, provisioning
SEBI Grade A	Disclosure norms, accounting standards
IRDAI	Insurance sector also moving towards Ind AS 109

2. RBI Explores Universal “Kill Switch” and “Switch On/Switch Off” Facility

Context:

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), in its Annual Report, has announced that it is exploring the implementation of a universal “Kill Switch” mechanism, along with a “Switch On/Switch Off” facility, across all digital payment channels in India. The Kill Switch is being designed as an emergency security protocol that allows a user to immediately freeze all financial operations and fund transfers from their bank account or digital wallet, the moment they realise they are caught in a scam, especially real-time frauds like the fake “digital arrest” video calls that have become increasingly common.

What each facility does:

Facility	Function
Kill Switch	Instantly freezes all financial operations and fund transfers from a user’s account or wallet
Switch On/Switch Off	Lets users selectively enable or disable specific transaction channels (UPI, IMPS, international cards, etc.)

How activation works:

Channel	Use Case
Mobile banking app	Single-tap emergency button built into native banking apps
Designated SMS code	Quick activation when app access is compromised
Toll-free portal / call centre	Alternative channel for non-tech users
Internet banking portal	Activation from any computer with credentials
IVR (Interactive Voice Response)	Voice-based emergency activation

Payment systems to be covered:

Payment Mode	Coverage
Debit and credit cards	Already covered through existing card controls
Unified Payments Interface (UPI)	To be brought under the new framework
Immediate Payment Service (IMPS)	Covered
National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT)	Covered
Internet banking	Covered
Digital wallets	Covered

About the News

What is the RBI exploring?

A universal Kill Switch and a Switch On/Switch Off facility across all digital payment channels in India, to give users emergency control over their accounts during cyber frauds.

How will the Kill Switch work in practice?

A user who suspects fraud can activate the Kill Switch through their mobile banking app, SMS code, toll-free portal, IVR, or internet banking. Once triggered, the bank instantly blocks all outward fund movements from the user’s account.

What payments will it cover?

Unified Payments Interface (UPI), IMPS, NEFT, internet banking, debit and credit cards, and digital wallets. Unlike current card-only blocking, this is a universal switch across the entire electronic payment spectrum.

What is “Granular Channel Toggling”?

The Switch On/Switch Off feature lets users disable specific transaction modules while keeping others working. For example, a user can turn off international transactions but keep domestic ATM withdrawals active. This adds everyday safety to regular usage, not just emergencies.

Background Concepts (Q&A)

What are “Mule Accounts”, and Why are They Central to Cyber Financial Fraud?

Mule accounts are bank accounts used by criminals to receive, hold, and move fraudulently obtained money, often without the original account holder fully understanding their role. In a typical cyber fraud, the victim is tricked into transferring money to a mule account, after which the funds are rapidly moved through a chain of further mule accounts, often into wallets, gaming credits, or cryptocurrency, to make the money trail very hard to trace. Mule accounts are created in two main ways: (a) knowingly, when a person sells or rents out their bank account to fraudsters for a small fee (a serious offence in itself); or (b) unknowingly, when fraudsters open accounts using fake or stolen identity documents and forged KYC details. Tackling mule accounts is one of the biggest priorities for the RBI, banks, the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and financial intelligence agencies. Tools like the Kill Switch help by stopping the original transfer before money even reaches the mule chain.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the RBI’s proposed Kill Switch facility, consider the following statements:

1. The Kill Switch will allow users to instantly freeze all financial operations and fund transfers from their account.
2. The facility will be available across UPI, IMPS, NEFT, internet banking, and digital wallets, not just debit and credit cards.
3. Activation will be possible through the mobile banking app, SMS code, IVR, internet banking, and toll-free portal.
4. The Switch On/Switch Off feature will allow users to selectively disable or enable specific transaction channels.

How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. Consider the following statements about the rationale behind the Kill Switch and Switch On/Switch Off mechanism:

1. Real-time cyber frauds like fake “digital arrest” video calls have increased in India.
2. Once siphoned, fraudulent funds are usually layered quickly through mule accounts, making recovery difficult.
3. Existing fraud-reporting and chargeback channels are mostly post-fraud, which causes delays in stopping money movement.
4. The Kill Switch facility is intended only for high-net-worth individuals and not for general retail users.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q3. With reference to mule accounts and cyber financial fraud, consider the following statements:

1. Mule accounts are bank accounts used by criminals to receive and move fraudulently obtained money.
2. Mule accounts may be created knowingly by individuals selling their account access, or unknowingly through fake identity documents.
3. Tackling mule accounts is a key priority for the RBI, banks, and the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C).
4. The Kill Switch facility helps stop transfers before money even enters the mule chain.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Q4. Consider the following statements about cyber fraud reporting and digital payment security in India:

1. The national helpline number for reporting financial cyber frauds in India is 1930.
2. The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
3. RBI has issued Master Directions on Digital Payment Security Controls.
4. The Reserve Bank-Integrated Ombudsman Scheme provides a unified grievance redressal mechanism for customers of RBI-regulated entities.

Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (a), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the Kill Switch is being designed for all retail users, NOT just high-net-worth individuals. The whole point is to protect ordinary citizens, especially those vulnerable to digital arrest, OTP, KYC, and similar frauds.
3. (e), All four statements are correct.
4. (e), All four statements are correct.

Facts To Remember

1. MoH&FW Releases 10th National Health Accounts Estimates for FY23

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW) released the 10th National Health Accounts (NHA) Estimates for Financial Year 2022-23 (FY23), highlighting a major increase in Government Health Expenditure (GHE). The report stated that GHE rose from Rs.1.30 lakh crore in 2013-14 to Rs.3.85 lakh crore in FY23, reflecting increased public investment in India’s healthcare sector. India’s Total Health Expenditure (THE) for FY23 was estimated at Rs.8.81 lakh crore, accounting for 3.37% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

2. Dr. Jitendra Singh Inaugurates PECVD System and RETINA Centre at IACS Kolkata

Union Minister Jitendra Singh inaugurated the Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) system and the RETINA incubation centre at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, during its 150-year celebrations. The indigenously developed PECVD system will support fabrication of India’s first amorphous silicon solar cell under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. The RETINA incubation centre aims to promote startup-driven innovation and commercialization of scientific research.

3. DARPG Launches NeSDA 2025 Portal for Digital Governance Assessment

The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) launched the National e-Governance Service Delivery Assessment (NeSDA) 2025 Portal to evaluate digital public service delivery mechanisms across India. The biennial assessment framework measures the effectiveness of Government-to-Citizen (G2C) and Government-to-Business (G2B) e-governance services. The portal will assess central, state, Union Territory, and city-level digital service platforms across sectors such as education, transport, labour, tourism, finance, and public grievances.

4. RITES and CRISIL Sign MoU for Data-driven Infrastructure Consultancy

RITES Limited signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with CRISIL to jointly develop data-driven infrastructure consultancy solutions in India and overseas markets. The partnership combines RITES’ infrastructure expertise with CRISIL’s analytics and research capabilities to strengthen advisory support for transport, energy, water, hydropower, wastewater, and industrial infrastructure projects. The collaboration will focus on financial due diligence, valuation support, market intelligence, and analytical model development.

5. IAF Collaborates with IIT Bombay for Su-30MKI Predictive Maintenance System

The Indian Air Force signed agreements with Indian Institute of Technology Bombay to develop Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based predictive maintenance technologies for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter aircraft fleet. The project includes development of a digital diagnostic health index using indigenous AI-driven engineering solutions. The initiative aims to improve operational readiness, reduce maintenance costs, and enhance aircraft availability for the IAF.

6. IIT Madras Launches Circulating Water Tunnel Facility in Chennai

Indian Institute of Technology Madras inaugurated a state-of-the-art Circulating Water Tunnel Facility near Chennai, Tamil Nadu, to strengthen India’s hydrodynamic testing and ocean engineering research capabilities. Developed with Rs.4.5 crore CSR funding from Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, the facility will support research in ship design, naval architecture, offshore engineering, marine vehicles, and fluid dynamics.

7. NSE and SUFI Sign MoU to Develop Steel Commodity Derivatives Ecosystem

National Stock Exchange of India signed an MoU with Steel Users Federation of India to strengthen India’s steel commodity derivatives ecosystem. The collaboration will focus on exchange-traded steel derivatives, hedging mechanisms, market outreach, and industry consultations to reduce risks arising from steel price volatility. The initiative aims to benefit steel manufacturers, MSMEs, OEMs, infrastructure companies, and industrial users.

8. WBGB and Canara HSBC Life Insurance Partner for Rural Insurance Expansion

West Bengal Gramin Bank partnered with Canara HSBC Life Insurance to strengthen life insurance penetration in rural and semi-urban regions of West Bengal. Through WBGB’s network of 960 branches, customers will gain access to protection, savings, and wealth creation insurance products. The partnership aims to improve financial security and insurance accessibility in underserved areas.

9. DBJ Partners with HDFC Capital for Affordable Housing Projects

Development Bank of Japan entered into a strategic partnership with HDFC Capital Advisors Limited to invest in affordable and mid-income housing projects across India. The collaboration targets a corpus of USD 1 billion through the H-DREAM Fund, marking DBJ’s first real estate investment in India. The investment will support large-scale housing development under the GIFT City offshore investment framework.

10. Taiwan Surpasses India as World’s Fifth Largest Stock Market

Taiwan overtook India to become the world’s fifth largest stock market in terms of market capitalization, reaching USD 4.95 trillion compared to India’s USD 4.92 trillion. The rise was driven by the AI-led semiconductor boom led by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. India experienced foreign portfolio investor outflows and benchmark market declines amid changing global investment trends.

11. TCS Signs Multi-million Dollar AI-led ERP Deal with Sweden’s SKF

Tata Consultancy Services signed a multi-million dollar agreement with Swedish industrial manufacturer SKF to implement a next-generation AI-enabled Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) platform. The partnership aims to modernize SKF’s global IT systems, improve operational efficiency, and enhance customer experience through AI-integrated digital enterprise solutions.

12. Janez Janša Becomes Prime Minister of Slovenia for Fourth Term

Janez Janša, leader of the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS), was appointed Prime Minister of Slovenia for a fourth term after securing parliamentary approval. He succeeded Robert Golob and formed a centre-right coalition government following the 2026 parliamentary elections.

13. Red Balloon Aerospace Launches India’s First Indigenous Stratospheric SPB

Indian startup Red Balloon Aerospace Private Limited launched India’s first indigenous Stratospheric Super Pressure Balloon (SPB) named “VISTA” under Mission SANA in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. The platform ascended to nearly 25 kilometres above Earth carrying payloads related to biological experiments, propulsion systems, navigation technologies, and earth observation sensors. India joined the United States, France, Japan, and China among nations possessing indigenous SPB capability.

14. Urdu Poet Bashir Badr Passes Away

Renowned Urdu poet and Padma Shri awardee Bashir Badr passed away at the age of 91 in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1999 for his contribution to literature and education. His celebrated collection of ghazals earned him the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu literature.

15. International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers 2026 Observed on May 29

International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers was observed globally on May 29 with the theme “Invest in Peace”. The day honours the service and sacrifice of UN peacekeepers worldwide and commemorates the first UN peacekeeping mission launched in 1948 under the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization.

16. World Digestive Health Day 2026 Observed on May 29

World Digestive Health Day was observed globally on May 29 with the theme “Chronic Diarrhea: Don’t Flush the Signs Away.” Initiated by the World Gastroenterology Organisation, the observance raises awareness regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

17. International Everest Day 2026 Observed on May 29

International Everest Day was observed globally on May 29 to commemorate the first successful ascent of Mount Everest by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. The observance celebrates courage, resilience, and human endurance while honouring mountaineering achievements worldwide.

18. West Bengal Government Begins Annapurna Yojana Enrolment

The Government of West Bengal started the enrolment process for the Annapurna Yojana aimed at supporting women without fixed income sources. Eligible women aged between 25 and 60 years can apply through online and offline modes for monthly financial assistance. The enrolment drive will continue for 90 days across municipalities and wards in the state.