Daily Current Affairs Quiz
19 May, 2026
National Affairs
1. Indian Red Sand Boa Snake
Source: TH
Context:
In a significant wildlife crime enforcement action, officials of the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), Hyderabad Zonal Unit, seized two live Indian Red Sand Boa snakes (Eryx johnii) and apprehended one person during an operation at Warangal, Telangana on 17 May 2026. The bust followed specific intelligence inputs that an individual was attempting to sell the live snakes in the grey market, leading the DRI to conduct an undercover decoy operation and intercept the suspect on-site. The Indian Red Sand Boa is among the most-trafficked reptiles in India — driven not by ecological demand but by deep-rooted superstitions, black magic, and false claims of medicinal properties, with individual specimens reportedly sold for lakhs of rupees in illegal markets.
Key Highlights
- Agency: Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), Hyderabad Zonal Unit.
- Location: Warangal, Telangana.
- Seizure: Two live Indian Red Sand Boas (Eryx johnii).
- Apprehended: One person.
- Modus operandi (by DRI):
- Acted on specific intelligence inputs.
- Conducted an undercover decoy operation.
- Intercepted the suspect at the identified spot.
- Species in news — Indian Red Sand Boa:
- Scientific name: Eryx johnii.
- Family: Boidae (or Erycidae, depending on taxonomy).
- Non-venomous burrowing snake found in dry, sandy habitats.
- Often called “do muha” (two-faced/two-headed) due to its blunt tail resembling the head — a feature exploited in trafficking myths.
- Heavily trafficked for use in superstition, black magic, and “traditional medicine” — with no scientific basis for any such claims.
- Conservation status:
- IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (NT).
- CITES: Appendix II (genus Eryx).
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Protected — possession, trade, or transport without authorisation is a punishable offence.
About the News
What happened?
Officials of the DRI Hyderabad Zonal Unit seized two live Indian Red Sand Boas and apprehended one person in Warangal, Telangana, after an undercover decoy operation based on specific intelligence inputs about an attempted illegal sale.
What is the Indian Red Sand Boa?
A non-venomous, burrowing snake scientifically known as Eryx johnii. It is found across dry, sandy, and semi-arid regions of India and surrounding countries. It is named for its reddish-brown colour and sand-burrowing habit, and grows up to about 1 metre in length.
Why is it so heavily trafficked?
Because of deep-rooted superstitions and pseudo-scientific claims, including: (a) Used in black magic and tantric rituals for supposed luck, wealth, or healing. (b) False claims of medicinal properties — alleged cures for diseases. (c) The “two-headed” myth — its blunt tail resembles its head, leading to claims it is “rare and magical.” Trafficked specimens reportedly fetch lakhs of rupees in illegal markets — sometimes claimed at tens of crores based on alleged weight (which is exaggerated and has no scientific basis).
Is the Red Sand Boa actually two-headed?
No. This is a myth. The snake has only one head — but its short, stubby tail looks similar to its head, especially in defensive postures, leading uninformed observers to believe it is “two-headed.” Traffickers exploit this myth for higher prices.
Is it venomous?
No. The Indian Red Sand Boa is completely non-venomous. It is a constrictor that kills prey by squeezing.
What is its conservation status?
(a) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (NT) — populations are declining due to trafficking and habitat loss. (b) CITES: Appendix II — restricting international trade. (c) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Protected species in India — possession, trade, or transport without authorisation is a criminal offence with imprisonment and fines.
Why is DRI — typically a customs/revenue agency — involved?
Because: (a) Wildlife trafficking is intertwined with smuggling, money laundering, and organised crime — often a customs/border issue. (b) The DRI has a wide mandate under customs and anti-smuggling laws that includes CITES-protected species and prohibited wildlife. (c) Multi-agency operations involving DRI, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), Forest Departments, and State Police are increasingly common.
What is the legal liability for the accused?
Under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: (a) Imprisonment that may extend to several years. (b) Monetary fines. (c) Confiscation of the live specimens and any associated property/vehicles. (d) Additional charges under customs laws if cross-border smuggling is involved.
What is the broader takeaway?
(a) Wildlife crime is alive and well in India, driven significantly by superstition-based markets. (b) Public awareness and education are as important as enforcement in breaking the trade. (c) Multi-agency convergence — DRI, WCCB, Forest Departments, State Police — is critical. (d) Strengthening species-specific intelligence networks is essential.
Background Concepts
What is the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)?
A premier anti-smuggling intelligence and investigation agency of India under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue. Established in 1957, DRI is responsible for: (a) Anti-smuggling intelligence and operations. (b) Customs offences — narcotics, gold, foreign currency, wildlife. (c) International cooperation with WCO, Interpol, and foreign customs. (d) Coordination with other agencies (CBI, NCB, ED, WCCB, Forest Departments).
What is the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)?
A statutory multi-disciplinary body established in 2007 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to: (a) Combat organised wildlife crime in India. (b) Coordinate with state and central enforcement agencies. (c) Build databases on wildlife crime and traffickers. (d) Carry out capacity building for enforcement personnel. (e) Liaise with CITES Secretariat and international wildlife enforcement bodies.
What is the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972?
A central legislation for the protection of wild animals, plants, and their habitats in India. Key features: (a) Protects species through Schedules (graded levels of protection). (b) Provides for National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, Community Reserves. (c) Regulates hunting, trade, and possession of wildlife. (d) Establishes the National Board for Wildlife, State Wildlife Boards, and Wildlife Wardens.
What was the 2022 amendment to the Wildlife (Protection) Act?
The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 introduced major changes: (a) Rationalised schedules from 6 to 4 — Schedule I (highest protection), Schedule II, Schedule III (plants), Schedule IV (CITES species). (b) Aligned the WPA with CITES by adding a dedicated schedule for CITES-listed species. (c) Enhanced penalties for wildlife crimes. (d) Empowered the Centre on CITES implementation.
What is CITES?
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, signed in Washington D.C. in 1973 and operational since 1975. Currently has 184+ parties including India. Three appendices: Appendix I: Species threatened with extinction — strict trade ban. Appendix II: Species not currently threatened but may become so without trade controls. Appendix III: Species protected in at least one country.
What is the IUCN Red List?
A global inventory of the conservation status of species maintained by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), headquartered in Gland, Switzerland. Classifications: EX (Extinct), EW (Extinct in the Wild), CR (Critically Endangered), EN (Endangered), VU (Vulnerable), NT (Near Threatened), LC (Least Concern), DD (Data Deficient).
Why are reptiles particularly vulnerable to illegal trade?
(a) Low public visibility and empathy compared to charismatic mammals (tigers, elephants). (b) High demand from traditional medicine, exotic pet, and superstition markets. (c) Easy concealment — small body size, transportable in bags or boxes. (d) Slow legal response — many reptile species are less monitored than flagship species. (e) Specific superstitions (e.g., Red Sand Boa “two-headed myth”) drive niche markets.
What other Indian species are heavily targeted by superstition-based trade?
(a) Pangolins — meat, scales, traditional medicine. (b) Owls — used in tantric rituals. (c) Star tortoises — pet trade, religious use. (d) Monitor lizards — meat, traditional medicine. (e) Pythons — skin, traditional medicine. (f) Slow loris — pet trade. (g) Mongoose — paint brushes, religious use.
How extensive is the global illegal wildlife trade?
The illegal wildlife trade is estimated at $10–23 billion annually globally, making it among the top transnational crimes alongside drugs, arms, and human trafficking. India is both a source and transit country for many trafficked species.
What international frameworks help combat wildlife crime?
(a) CITES — international trade regulation. (b) ICCWC (International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime) — coalition of CITES, Interpol, UNODC, World Bank, World Customs Organization. (c) CMS (Convention on Migratory Species). (d) CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). (e) Bilateral MoUs between countries on wildlife enforcement.
What is the role of awareness in tackling superstition-driven wildlife crime?
Because demand is driven by belief, enforcement alone cannot eliminate the trade. Critical complementary measures include: (a) Awareness campaigns debunking superstitions (e.g., Red Sand Boa myths). (b) Engagement with traditional medicine practitioners to discourage use. (c) Religious and community leaders speaking against superstitious uses. (d) Media campaigns highlighting the legal and ethical consequences.
Practice MCQs
Q1. With reference to the Indian Red Sand Boa (Eryx johnii), consider the following statements:
- It is a non-venomous snake found in dry, sandy regions.
- It is classified as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List.
- It is heavily trafficked due to superstitions and false claims of medicinal value.
- It is a venomous snake belonging to the cobra family.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q2. Consider the following statements about the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI):
- It functions under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), Ministry of Finance.
- It was established in 1957.
- It is responsible for anti-smuggling intelligence and customs offences.
- It functions as a state-level enforcement agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q3. With reference to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and its 2022 amendment, consider the following statements:
- The original Act had six schedules of species, which the 2022 amendment rationalised to four schedules.
- The 2022 amendment introduced a dedicated schedule (Schedule IV) for CITES-listed species.
- The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau was established in 2007 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
- The Act does not provide for the protection of wildlife habitats — only individual species.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q4. Consider the following statements about CITES and international wildlife trade:
- CITES was signed in Washington D.C. in 1973.
- CITES Appendix I species are threatened with extinction and face the strictest trade restrictions.
- CITES Appendix II species are not currently threatened but may become so without trade controls.
- CITES is operationally administered by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Answer Key
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the Indian Red Sand Boa is non-venomous and belongs to the boa family (Boidae), not the cobra family.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; DRI is a central agency under the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue), not a state agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the WPA provides for protected areas — National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves — protecting habitats, not just individual species.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; CITES is administered by the CITES Secretariat, hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Geneva — not by the WWF (which is a separate NGO).
2. Despite top court raps, Jharkhand does not secure Saranda’s prized sal forests
Source: IE
Context:
The Indian Express editorial addresses Jharkhand’s continuing non-compliance with a landmark Supreme Court order of 13 November 2025, which directed the state to officially declare 31,468.25 hectares (~314 sq km) of the Saranda Forest in West Singhbhum district as a Wildlife Sanctuary under Section 26A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 — within a three-month deadline. The deadline expired on 12 February 2026, and the Jharkhand government has indicated it will file a review petition rather than notify the sanctuary, citing concerns over tribal rights, mining operations, and infrastructure. The case sits at the fraught intersection of biodiversity conservation, tribal rights (Fifth Schedule, PESA, FRA), and India’s iron-ore economy — since Saranda is Asia’s largest Sal forest, home to critically endangered species (Sal forest tortoise, four-horned antelope, wild elephants), and simultaneously holds about 26% of India’s iron ore reserves, feeding major SAIL and Tata Steel plants at Chiria, Gua, Kiriburu, Meghahatuburu, and Vijaya II.
Key Highlights
- Forest: Saranda Forest — Asia’s largest Sal (Shorea robusta) forest, located in West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand.
- Name origin: “Saranda” = “Land of Seven Hundred Hills”.
- Saranda Forest Division area: ~856 sq km (816 sq km reserved + rest protected forest).
- Historical status: Once private hunting ground of the royal family of Seraikela; later Saranda Game Sanctuary under a 1968 Bihar Government notification (No. 1168F).
- Supreme Court order — 13 November 2025:
- Notify 31,468.25 ha (~314 sq km) as Wildlife Sanctuary.
- Six compartments excluded (under Jharkhand’s MPSM).
- 3-month deadline for final notification.
- 1 km buffer zone (Eco-Sensitive Zone).
- Mining prohibited in sanctuary + buffer (per general Court rulings).
- SAIL & valid mining operations exempted (per Oct 2025 clarification).
- Compliance failure: Deadline expired 12 February 2026; state plans review petition.
- Ecological significance:
- Critically endangered species: Sal forest tortoise, four-horned antelope, Asian palm civet, wild elephants.
- Three elephant corridors linking Jharkhand and Odisha.
- WII surveys document 79 plants, 23 mammals, 138 birds, 27 reptiles, 32 butterflies.
- Core area of the Singhbhum Elephant Reserve (declared 2001).
- Economic significance:
- 26% of India’s iron ore reserves.
- Active mines produce 10–15 million tonnes/year (~5% of India’s output).
- Major operators: SAIL and Tata Steel.
- Tribal & legal dimension:
- Fifth Schedule area under the Constitution.
- Home to Ho, Munda, and other Adivasi communities, including Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
- Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 and PESA Act, 1996 apply.
About the News
What is the Supreme Court’s order on Saranda?
On 13 November 2025, the Supreme Court directed the Jharkhand government to officially notify 31,468.25 hectares (~314 sq km) of the Saranda Forest as a Wildlife Sanctuary within three months, while excluding six compartments falling under the state’s Management Plan for Sustainable Mining. The Court also upheld the 1968 unified Bihar notification of the area as the Saranda Game Sanctuary.
Why is this case in court at all?
The Court is hearing it as part of the continuing mandamus in the T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad case — the omnibus environmental litigation through which the SC has supervised forest and wildlife matters for over two decades. The proximate trigger was a 2022 NGT order asking Jharkhand to consider declaring Saranda as a sanctuary, which the state failed to act on.
Why is Jharkhand reluctant to comply?
The state cites: (a) Tribal rights in a Fifth Schedule area populated by Ho, Munda, and other Adivasi communities, including PVTGs. (b) Concerns over FRA and PESA implementation. (c) The economic importance of iron ore mining in the region — Saranda holds ~26% of India’s iron ore reserves. (d) Need for infrastructure and livelihood activities. (e) Difficulties in on-ground demarcation between forest and revenue land.
What is the Indian Express editorial likely arguing?
That Jharkhand must respect the Supreme Court’s order — that non-compliance erodes the rule of law, that biodiversity protection is itself a constitutional mandate under Articles 48A and 51A(g), and that the Court has already accommodated genuine concerns by excluding six compartments, exempting SAIL operations, and upholding tribal rights protections. Filing a review petition while still failing to notify the sanctuary is disregarding the Court’s authority in matters of environmental governance.
Why is Saranda so ecologically significant?
(a) Asia’s largest contiguous Sal forest — a unique forest ecosystem. (b) Once a major elephant corridor linking Jharkhand and Odisha — now under stress. (c) Home to critically endangered and threatened species. (d) Recognised by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) as a biological hotspot. (e) Core of the Singhbhum Elephant Reserve.
Why is Saranda economically critical?
Because ~26% of India’s iron ore reserves are concentrated here, supplying major SAIL and Tata Steel plants. Active mines produce 10–15 million tonnes/year (~5% of India’s iron ore output). The region’s iron ore is critical for India’s steel sector and infrastructure economy.
How does the SC try to balance conservation and mining?
(a) Notifying only 314 sq km as sanctuary out of the larger forest division. (b) Excluding six compartments under the state’s Management Plan for Sustainable Mining. (c) Exempting SAIL and other valid mining operations in October 2025. (d) Upholding statutory protections under WPA Section 24(2)(c) that respect rights of persons in proposed sanctuaries. (e) Affirming tribal rights while protecting biodiversity.
What are the broader implications?
(a) Federal-state tensions in environmental governance. (b) Centre-state-judiciary triangle in resource-rich tribal areas. (c) Tribal rights vs conservation vs mining — the classic Niyamgiri-style dilemma. (d) Test case for rule of law in environmental matters and executive compliance with judicial orders. (e) Linkages to broader debates over eco-sensitive zones, mining regulation, and forest rights.
What is “continuing mandamus” and how does it apply here?
A judicial supervision technique in which the Court issues ongoing orders in a single case rather than disposing of it once. The T.N. Godavarman case (1995) is the most famous example — under which the SC has supervised forest conservation, mining, environmental clearances, wildlife issues for over two decades. The Saranda case falls within this framework.
What happens if Jharkhand persists in non-compliance?
(a) Contempt of court proceedings — possible against state officials. (b) Review petition — Jharkhand’s chosen route; but review usually has limited grounds. (c) Curative petition — last constitutional remedy. (d) Political pressure — public discourse, civil society, media attention. (e) Compliance with modifications — most likely eventual outcome given Court’s flexible posture.
Background Concepts (Q&A)
What is the Saranda Forest?
Located in West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, the Saranda Forest Division spans ~856 sq km (816 sq km reserved forest + protected forest). It is Asia’s largest Sal (Shorea robusta) forest, named “Saranda” meaning “land of seven hundred hills“. Historically the hunting reserve of the Seraikela royal family.
What is Section 26A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972?
The section under which State Governments can declare any area as a Wildlife Sanctuary by notification in the Official Gazette, if the area is considered to have adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural, or zoological significance. Mining is generally prohibited within sanctuaries and a 1 km buffer under various SC rulings.
What is the T.N. Godavarman case?
A landmark continuing mandamus in the Supreme Court — T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India (1995) — through which the SC redefined “forest” in a broad ecological sense, suspended unauthorised tree felling, and has since supervised forest, wildlife, mining, and environmental matters across India. It is one of the most consequential environmental cases in Indian legal history.
What is the Wildlife Institute of India (WII)?
An autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) — established in 1982 in Dehradun — for research, training, and advisory services on wildlife conservation. WII conducts species surveys, prepares protected-area management plans, and informs national policy.
What is the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution?
Part of the Constitution covering administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (which are under the Sixth Schedule). It provides for Tribes Advisory Councils, Governor’s special powers, and safeguards for tribal land and culture.
Which states have Fifth Schedule areas?
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan.
What is the PESA Act, 1996?
The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 — extends Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment) provisions to Fifth Schedule areas with modifications. Key features: (a) Gram Sabha has authority over community resources, including minor minerals, forest produce, water bodies, and land alienation. (b) Mandatory consultation with Gram Sabhas before land acquisition or major projects. (c) Protection of customary law and tribal cultural practices.
What is the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006?
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 — recognises: (a) Individual forest rights (over land cultivated by forest dwellers). (b) Community forest rights (over forest produce, grazing, etc.). (c) Community Forest Resource (CFR) rights for protection, regeneration, management. (d) Habitat rights for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Gram Sabhas are the decision-making bodies for verifying claims.
What is the Singhbhum Elephant Reserve?
Declared in 2001 — Jharkhand’s only Elephant Reserve — with Saranda Forest Division as its core. It is part of India’s network of Project Elephant reserves established under the Project Elephant scheme (1992) of MoEFCC.
What is an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)?
An area around a protected area (national park, wildlife sanctuary) that acts as a “shock absorber” — regulating industrial and commercial activities. Typically extends 1-10 km from the boundary, but exact extent varies by area. Mining, polluting industries, and certain commercial activities are generally prohibited or restricted.
What is the role of the NGT in this matter?
The National Green Tribunal, set up under the NGT Act, 2010, is a specialised quasi-judicial body for environmental cases. In July 2022, it directed Jharkhand to consider declaring Saranda as a sanctuary — but the state failed to act, leading to escalation to the Supreme Court.
What is the Justice M.B. Shah Commission?
A judicial commission of inquiry appointed by the UPA Government in 2010 to investigate illegal mining of iron ore and manganese in Goa, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Odisha. The Commission’s report on Jharkhand (and Saranda specifically) identified massive illegal extraction worth ₹14,000+ crore, leading to suspensions, FIRs, and policy reforms.
What are the key constitutional provisions on environmental protection?
(a) Article 48A (DPSP): State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife. (b) Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty): Citizens to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. (c) Article 21: Right to life — interpreted by SC to include the right to a healthy environment.
Practice MCQs
Q1. With reference to the Saranda Forest, consider the following statements:
- It is located in the West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
- It is recognised as Asia’s largest Sal (Shorea robusta) forest.
- The name “Saranda” means “land of seven hundred hills.”
- The Saranda Forest Division holds approximately 26% of India’s iron ore reserves.
How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None
Q2. With reference to the Supreme Court’s order on Saranda Forest, consider the following statements:
- The Supreme Court has directed the Jharkhand government to declare around 314 sq km of the Saranda Forest as a wildlife sanctuary.
- The Court has upheld the 1968 unified Bihar notification declaring the Saranda area as the Saranda Game Sanctuary.
- The Court excluded six compartments from the sanctuary notification under the state’s Management Plan for Sustainable Mining.
- The order allows mining within the sanctuary without restriction.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q3. Consider the following statements about the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and protected areas in India:
- Section 26A empowers State Governments to declare any area as a Wildlife Sanctuary by notification.
- Mining is generally prohibited within National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
- Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ) act as buffer areas around protected areas.
- The 2022 amendment to the WPA reduced the number of schedules from six to four.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q4. Consider the following statements about tribal rights and the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution:
- The Fifth Schedule applies to administration of Scheduled Areas in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
- The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, gives Gram Sabhas significant authority over minor minerals and forest produce in Scheduled Areas.
- The Forest Rights Act, 2006, recognises both individual and community forest rights of Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers.
- Jharkhand has no Fifth Schedule areas.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Answer Key
- (d) — All four statements are correct.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; mining is generally prohibited within wildlife sanctuaries and a 1 km buffer. The Court has only exempted six specific compartments (under MPSM) and valid existing mining operations of SAIL, not allowed unrestricted mining within the sanctuary.
- (e) — All four statements are correct.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; Jharkhand has significant Fifth Schedule areas, including Saranda and large parts of the tribal-dominated regions of the state.
3. SHE-MART initiative
Context:
The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) convened a high-level national consultation in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, to finalise the operational guidelines for the newly launched SHE-MART initiative — Self Help Entrepreneurs — Marketing Avenues for Rural Transformation — announced in the Union Budget 2026–27. SHE-MART represents a paradigm shift in India’s rural women’s empowerment strategy: instead of continuing the micro-credit-only approach that has dominated since the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme of the 1990s, it moves women from loan-dependent, subsistence-level earners to formal enterprise and retail owners.
Key Highlights
- Initiative: SHE-MART — Self Help Entrepreneurs – Marketing Avenues for Rural Transformation.
- Announced in: Union Budget 2026–27.
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD).
- Implementing platform: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
- Consultation venue: Bhubaneswar, Odisha — to finalise operational guidelines.
- Core philosophy:
- Move beyond isolated micro-credit models.
- Transition women from loan-dependent, subsistence-level earners to formal enterprise and retail owners.
- Key strategic targets:
- Bridge the market-access gap for rural women.
- Eliminate exploitative middlemen.
- Create high-visibility regional brands.
- Three crore additional Lakhpati Didis by 2029.
- Six key features:
- Community-Owned Stores — women-led retail and aggregation hubs run by local SHG federations.
- Targeted SHG Support — for mature SHGs with annual incomes above ₹1 lakh.
- ONDC Integration — commission-free digital selling, nationwide e-commerce reach.
- India Post Logistics Support — affordable last-mile delivery to urban markets.
- Diverse Product Ecosystem — organic farm goods, handlooms, handicrafts, processed foods, wellness items.
- Professional Retail Management — digital inventory, standardised billing, branding, packaging.
About the News
What is the SHE-MART initiative?
A government scheme that establishes women-led rural marketing and supply chain aggregation hubs, with the goal of transforming rural women from micro-credit beneficiaries into owners and operators of formal retail enterprises. Its full name is Self Help Entrepreneurs – Marketing Avenues for Rural Transformation.
Where was it announced and by which ministry?
It was announced in the Union Budget 2026–27 and is being implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) through the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) platform.
What is the core philosophy behind SHE-MART?
That market access — not credit — is the binding constraint on rural women entrepreneurs in India. After decades of building SHG networks and providing micro-credit, the next bottleneck is selling produce at fair prices, reaching urban customers, and building brand identity. SHE-MART addresses this by building forward linkages — stores, e-commerce, logistics.
What types of women’s groups will benefit?
The initiative focuses on mature SHGs with stable annual incomes above ₹1 lakh — i.e., already-graduated SHGs with demonstrated production capacity. The aim is to scale up successful rural enterprises rather than start from scratch.
What products will be sold through SHE-MART?
A diverse rural product ecosystem: (a) Organic farm products. (b) Handlooms and handicrafts. (c) Processed foods and snacks. (d) Wellness and personal-care products. (e) Other locally-produced goods.
What is the role of ONDC?
The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is integrated with SHE-MART to provide commission-free digital selling. This bypasses traditional e-commerce intermediaries that charge high commissions and gives rural women entrepreneurs direct access to nationwide markets.
What is the role of India Post?
India Post’s network provides affordable last-mile delivery — moving rural products to urban customers. India Post is uniquely positioned with its ~1.5 lakh post offices (the world’s largest postal network), reaching even remote rural areas.
Who are “Lakhpati Didis”?
A government initiative under DAY-NRLM that aims to support rural SHG women to earn annual incomes of ₹1 lakh or more through enterprise development, skill upgrades, and value chain integration. The target — originally 2 crore — has been scaled up to 3 crore by 2029. SHE-MART is a direct enabler of this goal.
How does this fit into India’s broader development strategy?
(a) Women’s empowerment — economic agency, not just welfare. (b) Rural-urban linkages — bringing rural produce to urban demand. (c) Digital Public Infrastructure — leveraging ONDC for democratised commerce. (d) Logistics-as-DPI — using India Post as physical fulfilment. (e) Decentralised enterprise — community-owned, locally managed. (f) Scale via DAY-NRLM — building on existing SHG infrastructure.
What is the structural significance of SHE-MART?
It marks a maturation of India’s rural livelihoods strategy — from credit access (1990s-2000s) to skill and enterprise development (2010s) to market access and brand building (2020s). This is consistent with how rural development economies evolve globally when basic credit, skill, and production constraints are addressed.
What are the implementation challenges to watch?
(a) Operational design — store viability, location choice, inventory turnover. (b) Brand-building — competing with established consumer brands. (c) Quality consistency — across diverse SHG suppliers. (d) Local governance — SHG federation capacity and accountability. (e) Digital literacy — for ONDC integration. (f) Sustainability — without long-term subsidy dependence.
Background Concepts (Q&A)
What is the DAY-NRLM?
The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission — launched in 2011 (renamed in 2015) by the MoRD — is one of India’s largest poverty alleviation programmes. It aims to organise rural poor women into Self Help Groups (SHGs), federations, and enterprises by providing credit, skill development, and livelihood support.
What is the Self Help Group (SHG) model?
An informal group of 10–20 women who pool savings, lend internally, and access formal bank credit as a group. SHGs originated in microfinance experiments in Bangladesh (Grameen Bank) in the 1980s and were piloted in India by NABARD in 1992 through the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme — now the world’s largest microfinance network.
What is the Lakhpati Didi Initiative?
A government initiative under DAY-NRLM, launched in 2023, to support rural SHG women in achieving annual incomes of ₹1 lakh or more through enterprise development. The original target of 2 crore Lakhpati Didis was scaled up to 3 crore in Budget 2024-25 and reaffirmed in subsequent budgets.
What is ONDC?
The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is a non-profit company incorporated in December 2021 under the aegis of the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. ONDC is a set of open protocols that enables interoperable digital commerce — allowing buyers and sellers to transact across any compatible platform, without being locked into specific marketplaces (like Amazon or Flipkart).
Why is ONDC important for rural commerce?
Because traditional e-commerce platforms charge 15-30% commissions on rural sellers and often delist or deprioritise small sellers. ONDC’s open, protocol-based architecture allows rural sellers to participate in digital commerce without giving up margins to dominant platforms.
What is India Post’s role in Indian rural commerce?
India Post operates ~1.55 lakh post offices (the largest postal network in the world), with 89%+ in rural areas. Beyond traditional postal services, it now offers: (a) Parcel and logistics services (Speed Post, Business Parcel). (b) India Post Payments Bank. (c) Common Service Centres. (d) Logistics integration with e-commerce platforms. India Post is uniquely positioned for rural last-mile delivery at scale.
What is Mission Shakti?
A scheme of the Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD), launched in 2022, that consolidates all women-focused central schemes under one umbrella, with two sub-schemes — Sambal (safety and security) and Samarthya (empowerment). It complements the rural livelihood interventions under DAY-NRLM with safety, anti-trafficking, helplines, and shelter homes.
Why is rural women’s economic empowerment central to India’s development?
(a) Demographic dividend is partly conditional on female workforce participation. (b) Female labour force participation rate in India remains relatively low (around 40-42% in 2025 PLFS estimates, with urban female LFPR even lower at 22-25%). (c) Women’s incomes disproportionately translate into household nutrition, education, and welfare outcomes. (d) Rural women are central to small-scale agriculture, dairy, and handicrafts — sectors needing modernisation.
What is the relationship between SHE-MART and other rural-women schemes?
| Scheme | Focus |
|---|---|
| DAY-NRLM | Foundational SHG mobilisation, credit, training |
| Lakhpati Didi | Income target — ₹1 lakh+/year |
| PM PRANAM | Sustainable agricultural inputs |
| Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) | Women farmers’ productivity |
| Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP) | Rural enterprise creation |
| SHE-MART | Market access and forward linkages |
| Mission Shakti | Women’s safety, empowerment umbrella |
Practice MCQs
Q1. With reference to the SHE-MART initiative, consider the following statements:
- It is implemented through the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
- It was announced in the Union Budget 2026-27.
- It focuses on mature SHGs with annual incomes above ₹1 lakh.
- It uses ONDC for commission-free digital selling and India Post for last-mile delivery.
How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None
Q2. With reference to the Lakhpati Didi Initiative, consider the following statements:
- It aims to support rural SHG women to earn annual incomes of ₹1 lakh or more.
- It is implemented under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission.
- The government has set a target of three crore additional Lakhpati Didis by 2029.
- The initiative is implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q3. Consider the following statements about the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC):
- It is a non-profit company incorporated under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
- It functions as an open protocol-based network for digital commerce.
- It allows buyers and sellers to transact across different compatible platforms.
- It is a single proprietary e-commerce platform operated by the Government of India.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q4. Consider the following statements about Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the rural livelihoods architecture in India:
- The SHG-Bank Linkage Programme was piloted by NABARD in 1992.
- The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development in 2011.
- India operates one of the world’s largest microfinance networks through SHGs.
- Mission Shakti is a Ministry of Rural Development scheme focused on women’s safety.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Answer Key
- (d) — All four statements are correct.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the Lakhpati Didi Initiative is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) through DAY-NRLM, not the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; ONDC is NOT a proprietary platform — it is an open protocol-based network that enables interoperable commerce across compatible apps, unlike single-platform marketplaces.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; Mission Shakti is a scheme of the Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD), not the Ministry of Rural Development. It is a women-safety and empowerment umbrella scheme.
Exam Relevance
| Exam | Relevance |
|---|---|
| UPSC Prelims | GS Paper II — Polity, Government schemes (DAY-NRLM, Lakhpati Didi, SHE-MART); GS Paper III — Economy, Rural development |
| UPSC Mains | GS Paper II — Welfare schemes, Women’s empowerment, Governance |
| Banking (RBI Gr B, NABARD) | Rural & Agricultural Economy, Financial Inclusion — high importance |
| SSC / Insurance / Railway | Static + Current GK on SHGs, DAY-NRLM, Lakhpati Didi, ONDC |
| RRB / Cooperative Sector | Core area — SHGs, rural finance, women’s enterprises |
Science and Technology
1. Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) Initiative
Source: IE
Context:
The European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have successfully launched their first-ever fully joint space mission — the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) — a pioneering scientific platform designed to study the global interaction between Earth’s magnetosphere and the solar wind. SMILE will capture the first-ever global X-ray and ultraviolet images of the invisible magnetic shield that protects Earth from the highly charged plasma streamed by the Sun, including violent disturbances like solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
Key Highlights
- Mission name: SMILE — Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer.
- Partners: European Space Agency (ESA) + Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) — first fully joint ESA-CAS space mission.
- Mission type: Multi-wavelength, X-ray + UV Earth-magnetosphere observation.
- Spacecraft mass: ~2,600 kg.
- Orbit: Highly elliptical, with an apogee at ~1.21 lakh km (121,000 km) above Earth’s North Pole.
- Mission lifetime: Baseline 3 years.
- Four core scientific payloads (70 kg total):
| Instrument | Built by | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) | ESA | Captures X-ray emissions from solar wind ions colliding with Earth’s neutral atmosphere; maps magnetosphere boundaries. |
| Ultraviolet Aurora Imager (UVI) | China (CAS) | High-resolution UV imaging of the northern auroral oval. |
| Light Ion Analyser (LIA) | China (CAS) | Measures velocity, density, temperature of solar wind ions directly. |
| Magnetometer (MAG) | China (CAS) | Measures local magnetic field strength and direction. |
- Aim: First global, simultaneous X-ray + UV imagery of how Earth’s magnetosphere deforms, reacts, and self-corrects during severe solar storms.
- Strategic significance:
- Advances solar-terrestrial physics and space-weather forecasting.
- Rare ESA-China deep cooperation in space science.
- Complements ongoing missions: Parker Solar Probe (NASA), Solar Orbiter (ESA-NASA), Aditya-L1 (ISRO), DSCOVR (NASA-NOAA).
About the News
What is the SMILE mission?
A joint ESA-CAS space science mission that will study, for the first time, the global interaction between Earth’s magnetosphere (its magnetic shield) and the solar wind (the stream of charged particles from the Sun) — using simultaneous soft X-ray and ultraviolet imaging.
Why is SMILE significant?
(a) It will capture the first-ever global X-ray images of Earth’s magnetosphere — providing a wide-angle view of how the shield deforms during solar storms. (b) It marks the first fully joint ESA-CAS mission. (c) It will dramatically improve our understanding of space weather, which affects satellites, navigation, power grids, and astronaut safety.
Why are X-ray images of the magnetosphere new?
Because the boundaries of Earth’s magnetosphere are normally invisible — they are made of plasma and magnetic field lines, not solid material. However, when solar wind ions charge-exchange with neutral atoms in Earth’s exosphere, they emit faint soft X-rays. SMILE’s X-ray imager can detect these emissions and map the magnetosphere’s outer edge directly.
What does the Ultraviolet Aurora Imager do?
It images the northern auroral oval at high spatial resolution — the glowing ring of aurora light that forms around Earth’s magnetic poles when solar particles channel into the upper atmosphere. UV imaging shows detailed auroral activity corresponding to magnetospheric events.
What does the Light Ion Analyser do?
The LIA directly measures the velocity, density, and temperature of solar wind ions passing over the spacecraft — providing in-situ data on solar wind conditions at the moment of any magnetospheric event.
What does the Magnetometer do?
The MAG measures the strength and direction of the local magnetic field, tracking changes and anomalies in real time — crucial for understanding how the magnetosphere reconfigures during space-weather events.
Why is the satellite placed in a highly elliptical orbit?
Because: (a) An elliptical orbit allows the spacecraft to spend long periods at high altitudes (apogee) — providing the wide-angle “outside” view of the magnetosphere. (b) The 121,000 km apogee is far beyond geostationary orbit (36,000 km) — putting SMILE outside the magnetosphere during much of its orbit, allowing it to image the entire boundary. (c) Positioning above the North Pole allows continuous observation of the auroral oval and dayside magnetosphere.
How does SMILE help with “space weather” forecasting?
Space weather refers to the conditions in near-Earth space caused by solar activity. Solar flares and CMEs can produce: (a) Disruption of GPS and radio signals. (b) Damage to satellites. (c) Power grid failures (e.g., 1989 Quebec blackout). (d) Radiation hazards for astronauts and aircraft crews. SMILE’s global imaging will help predict and quantify how the magnetosphere absorbs and redirects this energy.
What is unique about the ESA-CAS partnership?
It is the first time the European and Chinese space science agencies have undertaken a fully joint mission — sharing mission design, payload development, operations, and data. This is a notable departure in an era where most major spacefaring nations are tending toward separate alliances.
How does SMILE complement other solar missions?
| Mission | Operator | Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Parker Solar Probe | NASA | Close approach to the Sun’s corona |
| Solar Orbiter | ESA-NASA | High-latitude solar imaging |
| Aditya-L1 | ISRO | Sun observation from L1 Lagrange point |
| DSCOVR | NASA-NOAA | Solar wind monitoring at L1 |
| SMILE | ESA-CAS | Earth’s magnetosphere from outside, X-ray + UV |
SMILE’s unique angle is that it studies the Earth-side of the Sun-Earth interaction, while others mostly observe the Sun itself or solar wind in transit.
Why is this relevant for India?
(a) India operates Aditya-L1, ISRO’s Sun-observation mission at the L1 Lagrange point. (b) Space weather affects India’s growing satellite, telecom, navigation (NavIC), and power-grid infrastructure. (c) International cooperation in solar-terrestrial physics is increasingly important. (d) SMILE’s findings will be shared with the global scientific community, including Indian researchers.
Background Concepts
What is Earth’s magnetosphere?
The magnetosphere is the region of space around Earth dominated by its magnetic field, which deflects most of the solar wind around the planet. Generated by the dynamo action of Earth’s molten iron outer core, it acts as a shield against charged particle radiation that would otherwise erode the atmosphere and harm life.
What is the solar wind?
A continuous stream of charged particles (mainly protons and electrons) emitted by the Sun’s corona at speeds of 300–800 km/s. It carries the Sun’s magnetic field outward into the solar system, shaping the magnetospheres of all planets.
What is a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)?
A massive eruption of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun’s corona, sometimes releasing billions of tonnes of material. When a CME hits Earth’s magnetosphere, it can trigger: (a) Geomagnetic storms. (b) Aurora displays at lower latitudes. (c) Satellite damage. (d) Radio and GPS disruption. (e) Power grid failures.
What is a solar flare?
A sudden, intense burst of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun’s surface, often associated with sunspots and magnetic reconnection events. Solar flares release X-rays, UV, and visible light and may be accompanied by CMEs and high-energy particles.
What is the ionosphere?
The upper atmospheric layer (roughly 60–1000 km altitude) where ultraviolet and X-ray radiation from the Sun ionises atmospheric atoms and molecules. The ionosphere is critical for radio communication and is highly affected by space weather.
What are auroras?
Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) and Aurora Australis (Southern Lights) are light displays caused when charged particles from the solar wind funnel down magnetic field lines at high latitudes and excite atmospheric atoms (oxygen and nitrogen), which release light. Auroras are direct, visible indicators of magnetospheric activity.
What is space weather?
The changing conditions in the space environment caused by solar activity — including solar wind, flares, CMEs, geomagnetic storms, and solar energetic particles. Space weather has direct economic and security implications in a technology-dependent world.
What was the 1989 Quebec blackout?
A major space-weather event in March 1989, when a severe geomagnetic storm caused the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid in Canada, leaving 6 million people without power for 9 hours. It remains a textbook case of how solar activity can directly impact human infrastructure.
What is the Carrington Event (1859)?
The most extreme geomagnetic storm in recorded history, named after British astronomer Richard Carrington who observed the associated solar flare. The event caused auroras as far south as the Caribbean and set telegraph systems on fire. A modern-day Carrington Event could cause trillions of dollars in damage to global infrastructure.
What is the European Space Agency (ESA)?
An intergovernmental space organisation of 22 European member states, established in 1975, headquartered in Paris, France. ESA operates major space missions including Ariane rockets, Galileo navigation, Copernicus Earth observation, Mars Express, Rosetta, Solar Orbiter, and JUICE.
What is the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)?
China’s national academy for natural and technological sciences, founded in 1949, headquartered in Beijing. CAS oversees major scientific research and space science missions including lunar (Chang’e) and Mars (Tianwen) exploration, and many Earth-observation missions. It is distinct from CNSA (China National Space Administration), which handles space policy and engineering for China.
Why is space weather forecasting important globally?
(a) GPS / satellite navigation: Disruption can affect aviation, shipping, agriculture, defence. (b) Communications: HF radio, satellite phones, internet links via satellites. (c) Power grids: Geomagnetically induced currents can damage transformers. (d) Aviation: Polar flights face radiation exposure during severe events. (e) Astronauts: Need shelter from solar particle events. (f) Pipelines: Geomagnetically induced currents can accelerate corrosion.
What is Aditya-L1?
India’s first dedicated solar mission, launched by ISRO in September 2023, placed in halo orbit around the L1 Lagrange point (~1.5 million km from Earth) to continuously observe the Sun. Carries seven payloads to study the photosphere, chromosphere, corona, solar wind, and energetic particles.
What is the L1 Lagrange point?
One of five gravitational equilibrium points between Earth and Sun where a spacecraft can maintain a stable position relative to both bodies. L1 (between Earth and Sun) provides a continuous, uninterrupted view of the Sun — the ideal location for solar observation. Used by DSCOVR, SOHO, Aditya-L1.
Practice MCQs
Q1. With reference to the SMILE mission, consider the following statements:
- It is a joint mission between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).
- It will capture the first-ever global X-ray and ultraviolet images of Earth’s magnetosphere.
- The satellite will operate in a highly elliptical orbit at an apogee of approximately 1.21 lakh km above Earth’s North Pole.
- The Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) on board SMILE was developed by ESA.
How many of the above statements are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None
Q2. Consider the following statements about Earth’s magnetosphere and the solar wind:
- Earth’s magnetosphere is generated by the dynamo action of Earth’s molten iron outer core.
- The solar wind consists primarily of charged particles such as protons and electrons.
- Coronal Mass Ejections can cause geomagnetic storms and auroras at lower latitudes.
- The ionosphere is a part of Earth’s lower atmosphere and is unaffected by solar activity.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q3. With reference to major solar and space-weather missions, consider the following pairs:
- Parker Solar Probe — NASA
- Solar Orbiter — ESA-NASA joint mission
- Aditya-L1 — ISRO
- SMILE — NASA-CAS joint mission
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Q4. Consider the following statements about space weather and its impacts:
- Space weather events can disrupt GPS signals, satellite communications, and power grids.
- The Carrington Event of 1859 is considered the most extreme geomagnetic storm in recorded history.
- The 1989 Quebec blackout was caused by a severe geomagnetic storm.
- The L1 Lagrange point lies between Earth and Sun and provides a continuous view of the Sun.
Which of the above are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (e) All four
Answer Key
- (d) — All four statements are correct.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; the ionosphere is the upper atmosphere (~60–1000 km altitude) and is directly affected by solar UV/X-ray radiation and space weather — not lower atmosphere or unaffected.
- (a) — Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct. Statement 4 is wrong; SMILE is a joint mission of ESA and CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences), NOT NASA-CAS. NASA is not involved.
- (e) — All four statements are correct.
Facts To Remember
1. Overview of EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar’s Visit to Jamaica, Suriname and T&T
Union Minister S. Jaishankar visited Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago from May 2–10, 2026 to deepen India’s engagement with Caribbean nations. India signed multiple MoUs in health, solarisation, broadcasting, infrastructure, and strategic cooperation. The visit also focused on development partnerships, investment, and bilateral collaboration across key sectors.
2. Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia Participates in Sikkim Statehood Day
Jyotiraditya Scindia attended the 51st Statehood Day celebrations of Sikkim in Gangtok on May 16, 2026. During the event, he launched Mission Sikkim Organics with an outlay of Rs. 360 crore to strengthen organic farming and sustainable agriculture. He also inaugurated and laid foundation stones for 21 development projects worth Rs. 223 crore under MDoNER support.
3. PFRDA Launches New Retirement Scheme under NPS
The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority introduced new Retirement Income Schemes (RIS) under the National Pension System in May 2026. The framework offers flexible periodic payout options and allows subscribers to continue NPS accounts till the age of 85. The initiative aims to improve post-retirement income management and corpus appreciation for pension subscribers.
4. India’s 1st SME-led Semiconductor ATMP/OSAT Facility Inaugurated in Rajasthan
Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw inaugurated India’s first SME-led semiconductor ATMP/OSAT facility in Bhiwadi, Rajasthan. The facility, developed by Sahasra Semiconductors Pvt. Ltd. under the SPECS scheme, was built with an investment of over Rs. 150 crore. A new Electronics Manufacturing Cluster at Salarpur was also inaugurated to strengthen India’s semiconductor ecosystem.
5. Bhopal Introduces India’s First Solar-Powered Algae Tree
The government of Madhya Pradesh inaugurated India’s first solar-powered “Algae Tree” in Bhopal to combat urban air pollution. Developed by Mushroom World Group, the system uses microalgae to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. One unit reportedly performs carbon absorption equivalent to around 25 mature trees.
6. Lok Sabha Speaker Constitutes Committee on Empowerment of Women
Om Birla constituted the parliamentary Committee on Empowerment of Women for 2026–27. BJP leader Daggubati Purandeswari was appointed Chairperson of the committee. The committee reviews women-related policies, schemes, and reports of the National Commission for Women.
7. NHAI Launches ‘Project Saksham’ for Rural Women Empowerment
The National Highways Authority of India launched Project Saksham in partnership with the Vertis Foundation to empower rural women through skill development and employment. The programme operates through 12 training centres across India and has trained over 6,000 youth so far. More than 80% of the beneficiaries are women, highlighting its focus on gender-led empowerment.
8. PM Narendra Modi Visits UAE
Narendra Modi visited the United Arab Emirates on May 15, 2026 during the first leg of his five-nation tour. India and UAE signed agreements in energy and maritime sectors, including partnerships involving ADNOC and Cochin Shipyard Limited. The UAE also announced USD 5 billion investments in India during the visit.
9. Assam CM Inaugurates India’s First AI-powered Phygital Bank Branch
Himanta Biswa Sarma inaugurated India’s first AI-powered phygital banking branch of Slice Small Finance Bank in Guwahati. The branch combines physical banking with digital technologies such as AI-enabled customer support and automated services. The initiative aims to improve financial inclusion and modern banking access.
10. Kami Rita Sherpa and Lhakpa Sherpa Break Everest Records
Nepali climbers Kami Rita Sherpa and Lhakpa Sherpa created history by climbing Mount Everest for the 32nd and 11th times respectively. Their achievements set new world records for the highest Everest ascents in male and female categories. Both mountaineers are regarded as global icons in high-altitude climbing.
11. Actor Ishaan Khatter Receives Honorary Membership of 45 Cavalry Regiment
Actor Ishaan Khatter received honorary membership of the 45 Cavalry Regiment of the Indian Armoured Corps. The honour recognised his portrayal of Captain Balram Mehta in the film Pippa and his representation of the regiment’s values. The movie was based on the book “The Burning Chaffees”.
12. Ali Falih Kadhim al-Zaidi Sworn in as Iraq’s Youngest PM
Ali Falih Kadhim al-Zaidi was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Iraq at the age of 40. He became the youngest Prime Minister in Iraq’s modern history after succeeding Mohammed Shia al-Sudani. The cabinet approval process reflected ongoing coalition negotiations among political blocs.
13. Prudential to Acquire 75% Stake in Bharti Life Insurance
Prudential plc announced plans to acquire a 75% stake in Bharti Life Insurance Company Limited for Rs. 3,500 crore. The acquisition includes stakes from Bharti Life Ventures and 360 ONE Asset Management funds. The deal remains subject to regulatory approvals and customary conditions.
14. MoF Approves Emirates NBD Stake Acquisition in RBL Bank
The Ministry of Finance approved Emirates NBD proposal to acquire up to 74% stake in RBL Bank through preferential allotment and open offer. The deal, valued at nearly USD 3 billion, marks one of the largest FDI transactions in India’s banking sector. The acquisition awaits final approval from the RBI and other authorities.
15. Asian Weightlifting Championships 2026 Held in Gujarat
The Asian Weightlifting Championships 2026 took place in Gandhinagar, Gujarat from May 11–17, 2026. China topped the medal tally with 41 medals, while India secured 10 medals including one silver and nine bronze. Indian lifter Gyaneshwari Yadav won a silver medal in the women’s 53 kg snatch event.
16. Endangered Species Day 2026 – May 15
Endangered Species Day 2026 was observed on May 15, 2026 to raise awareness about endangered species and biodiversity conservation. The 2026 theme was “Celebrating America’s Wildlife Comeback Stories. Championing the Endangered Species Act”. The observance was first initiated in 2006 by David Robinson and the Endangered Species Coalition.
17. International Day of Light 2026 – May 16
International Day of Light 2026 was observed globally on May 16, 2026 under the theme “Light for a Sustainable Future”. The day highlights the importance of light-based technologies in science, education, and sustainable development. It commemorates Theodore Maiman’s first successful laser operation in 1960.
18. National Dengue Day 2026 – May 16
National Dengue Day 2026 was observed across India on May 16, 2026 to spread awareness about dengue prevention and mosquito control. The theme for 2026 was “Community Participation for Dengue Control: Check, Clean and Cover”. The observance was initiated by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 2010.
