Daily Current Affairs (DCA) 20&21 June, 2026

Daily Current Affairs Quiz
20&21 June, 2026

National Affairs

1. Mission SEHAT

Source: BS

Context

After India’s consolidation of food security through grain production, the next step is nutritional security to combat health issues attributable to poor or flawed nourishment. Mission SEHAT (Science Excellence for Health through Agricultural Transformation) was jointly launched on 11 May 2026 in New Delhi by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), unveiled by Union Health Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda and Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan. It aims to promote production and consumption of nutrition-rich foods while reorienting public-health policy from curative treatment toward prevention. The mission has come amid growing concern that modern high-yielding crop varieties are less nourishing than their older versions (about 38 per cent lower content of nutrients like calcium, iron, and phosphorus in some studies). NFHS-6 (2023-24) data reveals a dual burden of malnutrition: about 19.7 per cent of population has BMI below normal, while 27.3 per cent men and 30.7 per cent women are overweight or obese. Among children, 31.8 per cent are underweight, 29.3 per cent stunted (low height-for-age), and 5.2 per cent severely wasted. The mission is built on a five-pronged action plan.

Mission SEHAT

• Full name: Science Excellence for Health through Agricultural Transformation.
• Launched: 11 May 2026.
• Venue: New Delhi.
• Joint launch by: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
• Unveiled by:
  • Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda (Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare, Chemicals & Fertilisers).
  • Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan (Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Rural Development).
• Mode: National Mission-Mode Programme.

What is Mission SEHAT?

A national mission to:

• Integrate agriculture, nutrition, and public health.
• Translate agricultural advancements into improved health outcomes.
• Shift India’s health strategy from reactive, treatment-based to proactive, prevention-focused.
• Strengthen inter-sectoral convergence.
• Address the double burden of malnutrition.

Why is It Needed?

The Dual Burden of Malnutrition (NFHS-6)

Adult Population (BMI Indicators)

Indicator	Statistics
BMI below normal (Underweight)	about 19.7 per cent of population
Overweight/Obese men	27.3 per cent (up from 22.9 per cent in NFHS-5)
Overweight/Obese women	30.7 per cent (up from 24.0 per cent in NFHS-5)

Children Under 5 (NFHS-6)

Indicator	NFHS-6 (2023-24)	NFHS-5 (2019-21)
Underweight	31.8 per cent	32.1 per cent
Stunting (low height-for-age)	29.3 per cent	35.5 per cent
Wasting (low weight-for-height)	19.0 per cent	19.3 per cent
Severe Wasting	5.2 per cent	7.7 per cent

The Nutrient Decline Concern

• Modern high-yielding crop varieties have lower content of nutrients than traditional varieties.
• Studies show: Up to 38 per cent lower content of calcium, iron, phosphorus in mid-20th century bred strains vs traditional counterparts.
• Result: Possible cause of hidden hunger (micronutrient deficiency despite calorie sufficiency).

Aims and Objectives

• Promote production and consumption of nutrition-rich foods.
• Reorient public-health policy toward prevention.
• Address non-communicable diseases (NCDs): Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease.
• Address malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies.
• Strengthen One Health approach.

The Five-Pronged Action Plan

1. Biofortified and Nutrient-Dense Crops

• Promote biofortified crop varieties with higher content of:
  • Iron and Zinc.
  • Key vitamins (A, B-complex, etc.).
• Tackle hidden hunger: Deficiency in essential micronutrients.
• Boost consumption of:
  • Millets (jowar, bajra, ragi, kodo, etc.).
  • Ragi.
  • Other nutrient-dense grains.

Biofortified Varieties Released by ICAR (Examples)

• Wheat: HD-3171, MACS 4028.
• Rice: CR Dhan 310, DRR Dhan 45.
• Pearl millet: HHB 299 (iron-rich).
• Maize: Pusa Vivek QPM 9 Improved.

2. Integrated Farming Systems (IFS)

• Combine crop farming with allied activities:
  • Horticulture.
  • Animal husbandry.
  • Beekeeping.
  • Fisheries.
  • Poultry.
  • Piggery.
• Benefits:
  • Increases availability of nutritious foods.
  • Adds nutritional diversity to diets.
  • Boosts farm incomes.
  • Strengthens resilience to climate change.

3. Agriculture-Linked Strategies for NCDs

• Promote functional foods:
  • Foods with health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
  • Examples: Probiotic-rich foods, omega-3 rich foods, antioxidant-rich foods.
• Discourage:
  • Processed foods.
  • Oil-rich foods.
  • Unhealthy products.
• PM’s call: Reduced consumption of sugar, salt, and oil.

4. Occupational Health and Safety of Farmers

• Reduce exposure to toxic pesticides and hazardous chemicals.
• Promote safe agricultural practices.
• Protect farmworker health.
• Reduce farmer suicide risk from chronic chemical exposure.

5. One Health Approach

• Integrate research in:
  • Human health.
  • Animal health (livestock).
  • Environmental health.
• Strengthen One Health preparedness through:
  • Integrated surveillance.
  • Diagnostics.
  • Joint research at human-animal-environment interface.
• Minimise environmental damage.

About ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

• Founded: 16 July 1929 as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
• Renamed: 1946.
• Headquartered: Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi.
• Director General: Dr. Mangi Lal Jat (since November 2024).
• Functions:
  • Coordinate, guide, and manage research and education in agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries.
  • Develop and release new crop varieties.
  • Operates 113 ICAR Institutes + 74 Agricultural Universities + 731 KVKs (Krishi Vigyan Kendras).

About ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research)

• Founded: 1911 as Indian Research Fund Association.
• Renamed ICMR: 1949.
• Headquartered: Ansari Nagar, New Delhi.
• Director General: Dr. Rajiv Bahl (since November 2023).
• Functions:
  • Apex body for formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research in India.
  • One of the oldest and largest medical research bodies in the world.
  • Operates 32 institutes across India.

About NFHS (National Family Health Survey)

• Conducted by: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• Frequency: Approximately every 5 years.
• Editions:
  • NFHS-1: 1992-93.
  • NFHS-2: 1998-99.
  • NFHS-3: 2005-06.
  • NFHS-4: 2015-16.
  • NFHS-5: 2019-21.
  • NFHS-6: 2023-24 (released 29 May 2026).
• NFHS-6 coverage: 6,79,238 households, 7,16,397 women, 1,00,977 men across 715 districts.

NFHS-6 Other Notable Findings (Beyond Editorial)

• Institutional deliveries: 90.6 per cent (up from 88.6 per cent).
• Antenatal care: 95.9 per cent.
• Full immunisation (12-23 months): 87.1 per cent.
• Rotavirus vaccination: 85.4 per cent (from 36.4 per cent).
• C-section rate: 27.2 per cent (from 21.5 per cent).
• Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months): 55.8 per cent (down from 63.7 per cent, concerning reversal).
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): 1.9 (down from 2.0; below replacement level of 2.1).
• Health insurance coverage: 60.2 per cent (up from 4.8 per cent in 2005-06).
• Women’s bank account use: 89.0 per cent.

About One Health Approach

• A unified approach that recognises interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health.
• WHO definition: An approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes.
• India’s National One Health Mission: Launched 2021 by Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying.

Related Government Initiatives

• POSHAN Abhiyaan: National Nutrition Mission.
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme (now PM POSHAN).
• Anganwadi Services: Under ICDS.
• PM Mann Ki Baat call: Reduced consumption of sugar, salt, oil.
• Eat Right India movement: FSSAI initiative.
• National Health Mission (NHM).
• Ayushman Bharat.
• National One Health Mission (2021).
• Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses (October 2025).
• Promotion of millets: 2023 declared International Year of Millets.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to Mission SEHAT, consider the following statements:

1. SEHAT stands for “Science Excellence for Health through Agricultural Transformation”.
2. It was launched on 11 May 2026 in New Delhi.
3. It is a joint initiative of ICAR and ICMR.
4. It was launched by the Ministry of Education.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the launch was by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, NOT the Ministry of Education.)

Q2. With reference to the five-pronged action plan under Mission SEHAT, consider the following statements:

1. Promotion of biofortified crop varieties rich in iron, zinc, and key vitamins.
2. Strengthening integrated farming systems for dietary diversification.
3. Advancing agriculture-linked strategies for non-communicable diseases through functional foods.
4. Improving occupational health and safety of farmers and farm workers.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q3. With reference to NFHS-6 (2023-24) findings on adult and child nutrition, consider the following statements:

1. Stunting among children under five fell from 35.5 per cent to 29.3 per cent.
2. Underweight prevalence in children under five is 31.8 per cent.
3. Overweight/obesity among women has risen to 30.7 per cent (from 24.0 per cent in NFHS-5).
4. Severe wasting in children under five increased to 7.7 per cent.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; severe wasting has DECLINED from 7.7 per cent to 5.2 per cent, NOT increased.)

Q4. With reference to ICAR and ICMR, consider the following statements:

1. ICAR was founded in 1929 and is headquartered in Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi.
2. ICMR was founded in 1911 as the Indian Research Fund Association and renamed ICMR in 1949.
3. Both are autonomous bodies under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
4. ICMR is India’s apex body for biomedical research.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 3 is wrong; ICAR is under the Ministry of Agriculture, but ICMR is under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.)

Q5. With reference to the concepts highlighted in Mission SEHAT, consider the following statements:

1. “Hidden hunger” refers to micronutrient deficiency despite adequate caloric intake.
2. Biofortification involves breeding crops with higher inherent nutrient content.
3. The “One Health” approach integrates human, animal, and environmental health.
4. Modern high-yielding crop varieties have been scientifically proven to be more nutritious than their traditional counterparts.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; modern HYVs have LOWER nutrient content (up to 38 per cent lower for some minerals) than traditional varieties, NOT more nutritious.)

Q6. With reference to NFHS-6 (2023-24), consider the following statements:

1. The NFHS-6 was released on 29 May 2026 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
2. It covered 6.79 lakh households across 715 districts.
3. It is conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai.
4. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) reported was 1.9, above the replacement level.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; TFR of 1.9 is BELOW the replacement level of 2.1, NOT above.)

Answer Key

1. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the launch was by Health and Agriculture Ministries.
2. (d), All four statements are correct.
3. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because severe wasting has declined.
4. (c), Statements 1, 2, 4 are correct; Statement 3 is wrong because ICMR is under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
5. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because modern HYVs have lower nutrient content.
6. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because TFR is below replacement level.

Exam Relevance

NABARD Grade A

Very high importance, agriculture, nutrition, integrated farming

2. Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV) H-561

Source: News on Air

Context

The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) inducted the first of six indigenously built Air Cushion Vehicles (ACVs), named H-561, at the Chowgule Shipyard, Rassaim, Goa, on 18 June 2026. The hovercraft was constructed by Chowgule & Company Private Limited under a ₹387.44 crore contract signed with the Ministry of Defence on 24 October 2024 under the “Buy (Indian)” category of the Defence Acquisition Procedure. The technology is based on proven Griffon Hoverwork (UK) designs licensed for Indian manufacturing, with more than 50 per cent indigenous components. The vessel has a cruising speed of 52 knots (4 knots above ICG requirement), can carry 42 personnel plus an 8-tonne payload, and has an operational endurance of 9 hours. The remaining 5 vessels will be delivered every 3 months, with Chowgule maintaining all vessels for 5 years post-delivery. The induction is being projected as a significant milestone for Aatmanirbhar Bharat in maritime defence manufacturing.

The Induction

• Location: Chowgule Shipyard, Rassaim, Goa.
• Vessel name: H-561.
• Service: Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
• Builder: Chowgule & Company Private Limited, Goa.
• Technology partner: Griffon Marine Ltd / Griffon Hoverwork (UK) — licensed design.
• Indigenous components: More than 50 per cent.

What is an Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV)?

• Also called: Hovercraft.
• An amphibious craft designed to travel smoothly over multiple surfaces:
  • Water.
  • Mudflats.
  • Sandbars.
  • Shallow beaches.
  • Land.
  • Ice.
  • Marshes.

Key Features

Amphibious All-Terrain Manoeuvrability

• Zero draft design.
• Seamless transition between deep sea, tidal mudflats, sandy shores.
• Where traditional hulls would run aground.

Six-Vessel Contract Fleet

• Total order: 6 ACVs.
• Sequentially constructed and integrated into the ICG fleet.
• First delivery: June 2026.

Advanced Hull and Material Design

• Lightweight, marine-grade materials.
• Durable rubber skirt system.
• Preserves structural integrity while skimming over debris or rough coastal terrain.

Modern Navigation and Communication Suite

• Specialised marine radars.
• Night-vision thermal imaging.
• Secure communication systems.
• Enables round-the-clock operations in dense fog or zero-visibility conditions.

About the Indian Coast Guard (ICG)

• Established: 18 August 1978 under the Coast Guard Act, 1978.
• Headquartered: New Delhi.
• Director General: DG Paramesh Sivamani (since 2024).
• Under: Ministry of Defence.
• Roles:
  • Coastal and offshore patrolling.
  • Search and rescue (SAR).
  • Marine pollution control.
  • Fisheries protection.
  • Maritime law enforcement.
  • Anti-smuggling, anti-piracy.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the first indigenous Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV) inducted into the Indian Coast Guard, consider the following statements:

1. The ACV H-561 was inducted on 18 June 2026 at Goa.
2. It was built by Chowgule & Company Private Limited.
3. It is the first of six ACVs being constructed indigenously.
4. The ACV was imported directly from the United Kingdom.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the ACV was built INDIGENOUSLY in Goa under licensed Griffon Hoverwork design with more than 50 per cent indigenous components.)

Q2. With reference to the contract for the six ACVs, consider the following statements:

1. The contract was signed on 24 October 2024 between the Ministry of Defence and Chowgule & Company.
2. The contract value is ₹387.44 crore.
3. It falls under the “Buy (Indian)” category of Defence Acquisition Procedure.
4. Chowgule will maintain the vessels for 10 years post-delivery.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; Chowgule will maintain the vessels for 5 years post-delivery, NOT 10 years.)

Q3. With reference to the specifications of the ACV, consider the following statements:

1. It has a cruising speed of 52 knots, 4 knots above ICG requirement.
2. It can carry up to 42 personnel and an 8-tonne payload.
3. Operational endurance is up to 9 hours.
4. The hovercraft can move only on water, not on land or ice.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the hovercraft is AMPHIBIOUS and can move over water, land, mud, ice, marshes, and beaches.)

Q4. With reference to how an ACV works, consider the following statements:

1. It generates a high-pressure cushion of air beneath its hull.
2. The cushion is contained by a flexible rubber skirt.
3. It floats completely above the surface, eliminating water resistance.
4. It is propelled solely by ocean currents, not by engines.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; ACVs are propelled by engines (typically diesel turbines or gas turbines) driving fans, NOT by ocean currents.)

Q5. With reference to the significance of ACVs for the ICG, consider the following statements:

1. ACVs can patrol marshes, creeks, and mudflats like Kutch and Sundarbans.
2. They enable rapid rescue operations during cyclones and floods.
3. They can move from sea to shore, ideal for HADR operations.
4. The Indian Coast Guard was established in 1978 under the Coast Guard Act, 1978.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q6. With reference to the technology and Aatmanirbhar Bharat aspects, consider the following statements:

1. The ACV is based on Griffon Hoverwork (UK) BHT 150 design.
2. More than 50 per cent of the hovercraft’s components are of Indian origin.
3. The induction is under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
4. India did not have any hovercraft in service before this induction.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; India has had earlier hovercraft (H-181 to H-188) from Griffon Hoverwork, but these new 6 are indigenously built.)

Answer Key

1. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the ACV was indigenously built.
2. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the maintenance period is 5 years.
3. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because hovercraft is amphibious.
4. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because hovercraft are engine-propelled.
5. (d), All four statements are correct.
6. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because India had earlier hovercraft.

3. VivaTech 2026

Context

The 10th anniversary edition of VivaTech (Viva Technology) 2026, Europe’s largest startup and technology event, was held from 17-20 June 2026 at the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles, France. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President Emmanuel Macron jointly participated on 18 June 2026, with India serving as the official AI Country Partner. The PM outlined India’s vision for human-centric AI through his MANAV framework (Moral and Ethical Systems, Accountable Governance, National Sovereignty, Accessible and Inclusive, Valid and Legitimate AI). The event surpassed 200,000 visitors from 165 countries (about 180,000 attendees for the main professional days), featured 15,000+ startups, 4,500 exhibitors (61 per cent international), and 4,000 investors, spanning 30+ business sectors. India mounted its largest-ever pavilion with over 80 deep-tech companies and startups. Germany was named Country of the Year 2026 (first European nation to receive the title). VivaTech 2026 coincided with the India-France Year of Innovation 2026.

The Event

• Edition: 10th anniversary (founded 2016).
• Dates: 17-20 June 2026 (main days); Festival for public on 20 June 2026.
• Venue: Paris Expo Porte de Versailles, Paris, France.
• Theme: AI & Productivity, Cybersecurity & Defense, GreenTech, Space, DeepTech.
• Off-site event: Champs-Élysées open-air technology showcase on 14 June 2026 (150,000 visitors).

Co-Organisers

• Publicis Groupe.
• Les Echos-Le Parisien Group.

Country Status

• AI Country Partner 2026: India.
• Country of the Year 2026: Germany (first European nation).

PM Modi and President Macron Joint Participation (18 June 2026)

• Theatre stage appearance on 18 June 2026.
• Address to: Entrepreneurs, startups, investors, business leaders.
• Themes:
  • Human-centric AI.
  • India-France technology partnership.
  • Inclusive AI.
  • India’s digital public infrastructure (DPI).

PM Modi’s MANAV Framework

PM Modi’s framework for responsible AI governance:

• M: Moral and Ethical Systems.
• A: Accountable Governance.
• N: National Sovereignty.
• A: Accessible and Inclusive.
• V: Valid and Legitimate AI.

Roadmap for AI governance rooted in democratic values and priorities of the Global South.

India’s Engagement with VivaTech

Year	Engagement
2021	PM Modi delivered keynote (during COVID-19)
2022	India became first “Country of the Year”
2026	AI Country Partner; PM Modi participated again; India-France Year of Innovation

India’s Pavilion at VivaTech 2026

Showcased Themes

• Artificial Intelligence.
• Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).
• Health-tech.
• Clean Technologies.
• Advanced Computing.
• Mobility.
• Space technology.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to VivaTech 2026, consider the following statements:

1. VivaTech 2026 was held from 17-20 June 2026 in Paris, France.
2. It was the 10th anniversary edition of the event.
3. It is co-organised by Publicis Groupe and Les Echos-Le Parisien.
4. VivaTech is an event focused exclusively on banking and finance.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; VivaTech is a startup and technology event covering 30+ sectors, NOT exclusively banking/finance.)

Q2. With reference to India’s participation at VivaTech 2026, consider the following statements:

1. India served as the AI Country Partner at VivaTech 2026.
2. PM Modi participated on 18 June 2026 with French President Macron.
3. More than 80 Indian deep-tech companies showcased their innovations.
4. India was named the “Country of the Year 2026” at VivaTech.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; Germany was named Country of the Year 2026 at VivaTech, NOT India. India was Country of the Year in 2022.)

Q3. With reference to PM Modi’s MANAV framework, consider the following statements:

1. MANAV stands for Moral and Ethical Systems, Accountable Governance, National Sovereignty, Accessible and Inclusive, Valid and Legitimate AI.
2. It is a roadmap for AI governance rooted in democratic values.
3. It addresses priorities of the Global South.
4. It is a framework developed by the European Commission.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; MANAV is PM Modi’s framework, NOT developed by the European Commission.)

Q4. With reference to India’s previous engagements with VivaTech, consider the following statements:

1. PM Modi delivered a keynote at VivaTech in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2. India was the first “Country of the Year” at VivaTech in 2022.
3. India’s engagement with VivaTech has steadily expanded.
4. India had no engagement with VivaTech before 2026.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; India has engaged with VivaTech since 2021 and was Country of the Year in 2022.)

Q5. With reference to VivaTech 2026 scale and participants, consider the following statements:

1. Total visitors crossed 200,000 from 165 countries.
2. The event featured 15,000+ startups, 4,500 exhibitors, and 4,000 investors.
3. The themes included AI & Productivity, Cybersecurity & Defense, GreenTech, Space, and DeepTech.
4. The event was held at the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the event was held at Paris Expo Porte de Versailles, NOT the Eiffel Tower.)

Q6. With reference to the India-France strategic context, consider the following statements:

1. India and France established their Strategic Partnership in 1998.
2. 2026 is being celebrated as the India-France Year of Innovation.
3. PM Modi was Chief Guest at Bastille Day in 2023, and Macron was Chief Guest at Republic Day in 2024.
4. The India-France strategic partnership is limited to defence cooperation.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the India-France partnership covers defence, civil nuclear, space, technology, climate, and more, NOT just defence.)

Answer Key

1. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because VivaTech covers 30+ sectors.
2. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because Germany was Country of the Year 2026.
3. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because MANAV is PM Modi’s framework.
4. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because India has engaged with VivaTech since 2021.
5. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the event was at Paris Expo Porte de Versailles.
6. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the partnership is broader than defence.

Exam Relevance

Exam	Relevance
UPSC Prelims	GS Paper II on International Relations (India-France); GS Paper III on Science & Technology (AI, DPI)
UPSC Mains	GS Paper II on India’s bilateral ties; GS Paper III on Science & Technology, AI
BPSC and State PCS	International Affairs, Science & Technology, Current Affairs
Banking and NABARD	Digital banking, fintech, DPI
RBI Grade B	DPI, AI, fintech
NABARD Grade A	Innovation, technology in rural
SEBI Grade A	AI, capital markets technology, innovation

4. BharatNet’s Last-Mile Crisis

Source: Indian Express

Context

BharatNet (originally National Optical Fibre Network, NOFN, 2011), one of the world’s largest rural broadband projects, has been hit by persistent last-mile connectivity issues. The Indian Express article reportedly finds that only about 45 per cent of FTTH (Fibre-to-the-Home) connections commissioned under BharatNet are currently active, exposing gaps between infrastructure creation and actual service delivery. The project, approved by the Union Cabinet on 25 October 2011 and being executed by Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL) (a Special Purpose Vehicle incorporated on 25 February 2012), aims to provide broadband connectivity to 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats. The Amended BharatNet Program (ABP), approved on 4 August 2023 with an outlay of ₹1.39 lakh crore, seeks to transform existing infrastructure into a resilient IP-MPLS ring-based architecture with 10-year O&M through a Centralised Network Operating Centre (CNOC) and BSNL as the single Project Management Agency.

The Story

• Reported finding: Only about 45 per cent of FTTH connections commissioned under BharatNet are currently active.
• Implication: Even where infrastructure has been laid, service is not flowing to rural homes/institutions.
• Highlights: Persistent last-mile challenges, operational/maintenance gaps, awareness gaps.

About BharatNet

• Original name: National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN).
• Launched: 25 October 2011 (Union Cabinet approval).
• Renamed: BharatNet in 2015.
• Implementing agency: Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL) — a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) incorporated on 25 February 2012.
• Originally targeted: 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats.
• Vision: Provide broadband connectivity to every village/Gram Panchayat for e-health, e-education, e-governance.
• Funding: Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN), formerly Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).

Amended BharatNet Program (ABP)

• Approved: 4 August 2023 by Union Cabinet.
• Outlay: ₹1.39 lakh crore (about USD 16.9 billion).
• Aim:
  • Up-gradation of existing BharatNet Phase-I and Phase-II network.
  • Connection to remaining/balance GPs.
  • Last-mile FTTH connectivity (target: 1.5 crore FTTH connections).
• Project Management Agency: BSNL (single agency under ABP).
• Topology: Ring topology for redundancy and fault tolerance.
• Architecture: IP-MPLS ring-based (replacing earlier linear).
• O&M: 10 years through Centralised Network Operating Centre (CNOC) + State NOCs.
• Funding pattern: Payments to Project Implementation Agencies (PIAs) based on Service Quality Agreements (SLAs).

About BBNL (Bharat Broadband Network Limited)

• Established: 25 February 2012.
• Type: Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under Companies Act, 1956.
• Under: Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications.
• Purpose: Establishment, management, and operation of National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN/BharatNet).
• Headquartered: New Delhi.

About Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN)

• Formerly known as: Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).
• Renamed: 2024.
• Purpose: Fund telecommunications development in rural and remote India.
• Source: Universal Service Levy (USL) of about 5 per cent of Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) of telecom operators.
• Accumulated corpus: about ₹1,71,588.7 crore.

BharatNet Udyamis Model

• Village-Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs) delivering services at the local level.
• Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
• Like Airtel/Jio franchisee approach.
• 50:50 revenue-sharing basis between government and entrepreneur.
• Government bears infrastructure cost to homes.
• VLEs handle maintenance and operation.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to BharatNet project, consider the following statements:

1. BharatNet was originally launched as the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) in 2011.
2. It was renamed BharatNet in 2015.
3. It is executed by Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL), a Special Purpose Vehicle incorporated in February 2012.
4. The project aims to provide broadband connectivity to about 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q2. With reference to the Amended BharatNet Program (ABP), consider the following statements:

1. ABP was approved by the Union Cabinet on 4 August 2023.
2. It has an outlay of ₹1.39 lakh crore.
3. BSNL has been appointed as the single Project Management Agency under ABP.
4. ABP uses a linear topology rather than ring topology.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; ABP uses a ring topology, NOT linear, for redundancy and fault tolerance.)

Q3. With reference to BharatNet’s funding and implementation, consider the following statements:

1. BharatNet is funded by the Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN), formerly known as the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).
2. The accumulated corpus of DBN is about ₹1,71,588.7 crore.
3. As of February 2026, about 2,17,805 GPs are service-ready under BharatNet.
4. Only Wi-Fi hotspots are used for last-mile connectivity; FTTH is not part of BharatNet.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; BharatNet uses BOTH Wi-Fi hotspots AND FTTH for last-mile connectivity.)

Q4. With reference to the implementation challenges of BharatNet, consider the following statements:

1. The 2024 ICRIER study found less than 1.19 per cent of available bandwidth was used in rural areas.
2. The original design assumed existing telecom service providers would handle last-mile connectivity, which was not feasible in many rural areas.
3. Common Service Centres (CSCs) responsible for O&M faced functioning issues.
4. BharatNet has met all its phase-wise deadlines without delay.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; BharatNet has missed multiple deadlines with shifting goalposts across phases.)

Q5. With reference to BharatNet’s three phases of implementation, consider the following statements:

1. Phase I (2011-2017) aimed to connect 1 lakh GPs and was completed in December 2017.
2. Phase II (2017-2023) targeted an additional 1.5 lakh GPs and reached about 86.75 per cent by August 2023.
3. Phase III (2023-2025) focuses on connecting 6.5 lakh villages with integration of 5G and improved last-mile connectivity.
4. The BharatNet Udyamis are foreign multinationals providing last-mile services.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; BharatNet Udyamis are Village-Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs), NOT foreign multinationals.)

Q6. With reference to other major government initiatives connected to BharatNet, consider the following statements:

1. PM-WANI aims to deploy public Wi-Fi hotspots across India.
2. National Broadband Mission (NBM) 2.0 was launched on 1 April 2025 with targets for 2030.
3. Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) is the renamed Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).
4. PMGDISHA is a programme for promoting digital literacy in rural India.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Answer Key

1. (d), All four statements are correct.
2. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because ABP uses ring topology.
3. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because both FTTH and Wi-Fi are used.
4. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because BharatNet has missed multiple deadlines.
5. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because BharatNet Udyamis are VLEs.
6. (d), All four statements are correct.

Exam Relevance

Exam	Relevance
UPSC Prelims	GS Paper III on Indian Economy (Digital Infrastructure, E-Governance); GS Paper II on Government Schemes
UPSC Mains	GS Paper III on Indian Economy, Digital India; GS Paper II on Government Policies, E-Governance
BPSC and State PCS	Digital India, E-Governance, Current Affairs
Banking and NABARD	Digital banking, financial inclusion
RBI Grade B	Digital banking, financial inclusion
NABARD Grade A	Very high importance, rural connectivity, digital infrastructure

Banking/Finance

1. BCRC Seeks Grandfathering as RBI’s BC Recertification Rule Nears

Source: Business Standard

Context

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Draft Policy 2026-Commercial Banks (Branch Authorisation) of April 2026 mandated that Business Correspondents (BCs) obtain advanced certification from the Indian Institute of Banking & Finance (IIBF). The rule becomes operational from 1 July 2026. The Business Correspondent Resource Council (BCRC) has sought grandfathering of the requirement, arguing that forcing already certified BCs to take advanced IIBF certification may trigger mass exits. The move affects about 45 per cent of India’s 1.17 million BC workforce, the world’s largest boots-on-the-ground financial inclusion initiative. BCRC CEO D. Tripathy has also demanded that future IIBF syllabus revisions be accompanied by a minimum 36-month grandfathering window. The certification cost (about ₹1,500) is roughly half the monthly earnings for many BCs, given that average commissions have declined to ₹7,000-8,000 per month (down from ₹10,000-11,000 five years ago).

The Rule

• Source: RBI Draft Policy 2026 – Commercial Banks (Branch Authorisation) of April 2026.
• Requirement: BCs to obtain advanced certification from IIBF.
• Less than a fortnight of lead time before becoming applicable.

The BCRC’s Demand

• BCRC (Business Correspondent Resource Council) has sought:
  • Grandfathering of existing certification.
  • Minimum 36-month grandfathering window for future IIBF syllabus revisions.
• Argument: Re-certification under revised syllabus invalidates good-faith certifications.

What is a Business Correspondent (BC)?

• A bank’s representative providing last-mile banking services in remote and underserved areas.
• Launched by RBI: 2006.
• Acts as the front face of the bank in villages and underserved areas.
• Functions:
  • Cash deposits and withdrawals.
  • Account opening.
  • Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS) transactions.
  • Recurring deposits and term deposits.
  • Insurance and pension enrollment.
  • DBT distribution.
  • Loan recovery.

Who Can Be a BC?

• NGOs.
• Section 8 companies (formerly Section 25).
• Civil Society Organisations.
• Cooperatives.
• Post Offices.
• Companies registered under Companies Act.
• Common Service Centres (CSCs).
• Individuals (since 2010).

What is IIBF (Indian Institute of Banking & Finance)?

• Founded: 1928 as Indian Institute of Bankers (IIB).
• Renamed: Indian Institute of Banking & Finance (IIBF) in 2002.
• Type: Distance Learning Institute.
• Association: With about 775+ banks and financial institutions.
• Purpose: Provides banking and finance professional certifications.
• Sole certifying agency for BC/BF under RBI mandate.

About the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025-30

• Released: 1 December 2025 by RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra.
• Approved by: Sub-committee of Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC-SC) at its 32nd meeting.
• Period: 2025-30.
• Synchronised with: UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The Five “Panch Jyoti” Goals of NSFI 2025-30 (Verified)

1. Universal access to affordable financial services.
2. Improving equity, reach, consistency, and quality of last-mile access (BC strengthening).
3. Gender-sensitive approach for women-led financial inclusion.
4. Strengthening customer protection.
5. Improving the financial inclusion ecosystem.

About BSBDA (Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account)

• Introduced by RBI: 2012 (replacing “no-frills” accounts).
• Type: Zero-balance savings account.
• For: Promoting financial inclusion.
• Includes: All PMJDY accounts.
• Status (March 2025):
  • Number of BSBDAs: 72.4 crore (up 2.6 per cent YoY).
  • Aggregate balance: ₹3.3 trillion (up 9.5 per cent).
  • Majority channelised through BC model.

About the Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index)

• Composite measure of financial inclusion.
• Range: 0 to 100.
• Methodology: Captures access, usage, and quality.
• Released annually by RBI.
• FI-Index (2025): 67 (up 24.3 per cent since 2021).

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the RBI Draft Policy 2026 on Business Correspondents, consider the following statements:

1. The Draft Policy 2026-Commercial Banks (Branch Authorisation) of April 2026 required BCs to obtain advanced IIBF certification.
2. The rule becomes operational from 1 July 2026.
3. The Business Correspondent Resource Council (BCRC) has sought grandfathering of the requirement.
4. The new rule will affect only 5 per cent of India’s 1.17 million BC workforce.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the new rule will affect about 45 per cent of India’s BC workforce, NOT 5 per cent.)

Q2. With reference to India’s Business Correspondent (BC) ecosystem, consider the following statements:

1. India has about 1.17 million BCs, the world’s largest boots-on-the-ground financial inclusion initiative.
2. BCs were launched by RBI in 2006 to deliver last-mile banking services.
3. The average BC commission has declined to ₹7,000-8,000 per month (from ₹10,000-11,000 five years ago).
4. About 35 per cent of BCs earn more than ₹50,000 per month.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; about 35 per cent of BCs earn LESS than ₹5,000 per month, NOT more than ₹50,000.)

Q3. With reference to the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025-30, consider the following statements:

1. NSFI 2025-30 was released on 1 December 2025 by RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra.
2. It outlines five strategic goals (Panch Jyoti) supported by 47 specific action points.
3. It targets reaching 1 billion UPI users by December 2029.
4. It was approved by the SEBI Board.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; NSFI was approved by the Sub-committee of Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC-SC), NOT the SEBI Board.)

Q4. With reference to the IIBF (Indian Institute of Banking & Finance), consider the following statements:

1. IIBF was founded in 1928 as the Indian Institute of Bankers and renamed IIBF in 2002.
2. It is RBI-designated as the sole certifying agency for SCBs, RRBs, SFBs, and Payments Banks for BC/BF certification.
3. IIBF offers both Basic and Advanced BC certifications, which are independent of each other.
4. BCs must complete IIBF certification within 24 months from the date of commencement of operations.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; BCs must complete IIBF certification within 9 months from the date of commencement of operations, NOT 24 months.)

Q5. With reference to BSBDAs and PMJDY, consider the following statements:

1. BSBDAs increased by 2.6 per cent to 72.4 crore at end-March 2025.
2. The aggregate balance in BSBDAs was up 9.5 per cent to ₹3.3 trillion.
3. A majority of BSBDAs continues to be channelised through the BC model.
4. BSBDAs require maintenance of a minimum balance to remain active.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; BSBDAs are zero-balance accounts and do NOT require maintenance of a minimum balance.)

Q6. With reference to the BCRC’s specific demands, consider the following statements:

1. The BCRC has sought grandfathering of existing certifications.
2. The BCRC has demanded a minimum 36-month grandfathering window for future IIBF syllabus revisions.
3. The BCRC has said that banks should take responsibility for training and certification process.
4. The IIBF certification cost (about ₹1,500) is about half the monthly earnings for many BCs.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Answer Key

1. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the rule affects 45 per cent of BCs.
2. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because 35 per cent earn less than ₹5,000.
3. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because FSDC-SC approved it.
4. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because certification must be completed within 9 months.
5. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because BSBDAs are zero-balance.
6. (d), All four statements are correct.

Agriculture

1. Smart Seed Coating Technology

Source: The Hindu

Context

The ICAR–Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (ICAR-IIOR), Hyderabad, has developed an innovative, Indian-patented, biodegradable biopolymer-based Smart Seed Coating Technology that improves crop establishment and resilience against climate stress, announced through a PIB release on 18 June 2026. The technology replaces conventional single-purpose seed treatments with a multifunctional protective shield that integrates beneficial microorganisms, primary nutrients, micronutrients, crop protection agents, and plant growth-promoting compounds in a single application. Multi-location AICRP-Seed trials across seven crops (soybean, maize, groundnut, chickpea, cotton, mustard, pigeon pea) showed productivity gains ranging from 12 to 37 per cent over untreated controls. Field demonstrations in Telangana recorded nearly 30 per cent yield improvements in groundnut and soybean compared to conventional farmer practices. The technology is particularly suited to rainfed agriculture, which covers about 52 per cent of India’s net sown area. ICAR-IIOR is seeking partnerships with State Seed Development Corporations, National Seed Corporation, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), seed processing units, seed entrepreneurs, and private seed companies for large-scale adoption.

The Announcement

• Announced by: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
• Developed by: ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (ICAR-IIOR), Hyderabad.
• Patent status: Indian patent granted.
• Type: Biopolymer-based, biodegradable seed enhancement platform.

What is the Smart Seed Coating Technology?

• A multifunctional protective shield that:
  • Coats raw seeds with biodegradable biopolymers.
  • Carries beneficial inputs directly to the seed-soil interface.
  • Improves seed performance during the early, vulnerable stages of crop growth.

How It Works

Step 1: Layered Encapsulation

• Raw seed is coated with eco-friendly, biodegradable biopolymers.
• Forms a customised shell around the seed.

Step 2: Input Integration

• The biopolymer layer acts as a local carrier, packing:
  • Beneficial microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, plant growth-promoting microbes).
  • Primary nutrients (NPK).
  • Micronutrients (zinc, iron, boron, etc.).
  • Crop protection agents (fungicides, insecticides).
  • Plant growth-promoting compounds.

Step 3: Microenvironment Activation

• Once sown, the coating reacts with soil moisture.
• Creates a protective microenvironment at the seed-soil interface.

Step 4: Targeted Release

• Embedded biologicals and nutrients release directly into the root zone during germination.
• Drives:
  • Rapid root development.
  • Immediate nutrition access for the seedling.
  • Stress tolerance.

Key Features

Patented Biopolymer Base

• Entirely biodegradable polymer-based carrier system.
• Breaks down naturally.
• No soil degradation or chemical pollution.

All-in-One Input Delivery

• Unlike traditional single-purpose treatments, this integrates:
  • Protection (against pests and diseases).
  • Nutrition (NPK + micronutrients).
  • Biological support (microorganisms).
• In a single application.

Highly Customisable Design

• Can be tailored for:
  • Cereals (rice, wheat, maize).
  • Millets (jowar, bajra, ragi).
  • Pulses (chickpea, pigeon pea, urad, moong, masoor).
  • Oilseeds (soybean, groundnut, mustard, sunflower).
  • Fibre crops (cotton, jute).
  • Fodder crops.
  • Vegetables.
  • Spices.
  • Horticultural varieties.

Aim of the Smart Seed Coating Technology

• Strengthen climate-resilient agriculture.
• Reduce production risks in rainfed farming systems.
• Enhance overall crop productivity.
• Safeguard emerging seedlings against:
  • Erratic monsoons.
  • Droughts.
  • Temperature spikes.
  • Soil degradation.
  • Pest pressures.

About ICAR-IIOR (Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research)

• Established: 1977 as National Research Centre for Oilseeds Crops.
• Upgraded: To Directorate of Oilseeds Research in 1986.
• Renamed: Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR) in 2014.
• Located: Hyderabad, Telangana.
• Parent body: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• Mandate:
  • Research on oilseed crops: Castor, safflower, sesame, niger, sunflower.
  • AICRP-Seed coordination.
  • Biotechnology and genetic resources.
  • Crop protection research.
  • Technology transfer.

About ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research)

• Founded: 16 July 1929 as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
• Renamed: 1946 to ICAR.
• Headquartered: Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi.
• Director General: Dr. Mangi Lal Jat (since November 2024).
• Functions:
  • Coordinate, guide, and manage research and education in agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries.
  • Operates 113 ICAR Institutes + 74 Agricultural Universities + 731 KVKs (Krishi Vigyan Kendras).
• Under: Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture.

About AICRP-Seed (All India Coordinated Research Project on Seeds)

• Established: As part of ICAR’s AICRP network.
• Function: Multi-location trials for seed research, technology validation, and dissemination.
• Network: Across State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and ICAR institutes in diverse agro-climatic zones.
• Purpose: Generate location-specific recommendations for seed quality enhancement.

About Biopolymers

• Definition: Polymers produced by living organisms or made from biological/natural sources.
• Examples: Cellulose, starch, chitin, alginate, gelatin, pectin, agar.
• Properties:
  • Biodegradable.
  • Eco-friendly.
  • Renewable.
  • Non-toxic.
• Applications: Agriculture, biomedical, packaging, pharmaceuticals.

About Seed Treatment Technology

Traditional Seed Treatment

• Single-purpose approach:
  • Fungicide application.
  • Insecticide application.
  • Or growth promoter.
• Applied separately.
• Often uses chemical actives.

Smart Seed Coating (New)

• Multifunctional approach.
• All inputs in one shell.
• Biopolymer base (biodegradable).
• Targeted release.

Related Government Initiatives

• Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses (October 2025).
• Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Oilseeds.
• National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP).
• National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
• Per Drop More Crop under PMKSY.
• Soil Health Card Scheme.
• Sub-Mission on Seeds and Planting Materials (SMSP).
• Mission SEHAT (May 2026): For nutritional convergence.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the Smart Seed Coating Technology, consider the following statements:

1. It was developed by the ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (ICAR-IIOR), Hyderabad.
2. The technology holds an Indian patent and uses biodegradable biopolymers.
3. It integrates protection, nutrition, and biological support in a single application.
4. The technology uses non-biodegradable synthetic polymers.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the technology uses BIODEGRADABLE biopolymers, NOT non-biodegradable synthetic polymers.)

Q2. With reference to the AICRP-Seed multi-location trials, consider the following statements:

1. Trials were conducted across seven crops: soybean, maize, groundnut, chickpea, cotton, mustard, and pigeon pea.
2. Productivity gains ranged from 12 to 37 per cent over untreated controls.
3. Field demonstrations in Telangana recorded nearly 30 per cent yield improvement in groundnut and soybean.
4. The technology can be used only for oilseed crops, not for cereals or pulses.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the technology can be customised for cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, fibre crops, fodder crops, vegetables, spices, and horticultural crops.)

Q3. With reference to the working mechanism of the Smart Seed Coating Technology, consider the following statements:

1. The biopolymer layer acts as a carrier for beneficial microorganisms, nutrients, and crop protection agents.
2. Once sown, the coating reacts with soil moisture to create a protective microenvironment at the seed-soil interface.
3. Targeted release delivers biologicals and nutrients directly to the root zone during germination.
4. The coating is permanent and does not biodegrade.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the coating biodegrades naturally without causing soil degradation.)

Q4. With reference to ICAR-IIOR and AICRP-Seed, consider the following statements:

1. ICAR-IIOR was established in 1977 as the National Research Centre for Oilseeds Crops.
2. It was renamed Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR) in 2014.
3. AICRP-Seed is a multi-location research network of ICAR for seed technology validation.
4. ICAR-IIOR is located in New Delhi.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; ICAR-IIOR is located in Hyderabad, NOT New Delhi.)

Q5. With reference to rainfed agriculture in India, consider the following statements:

1. Rainfed agriculture covers about 52 per cent of India’s net sown area.
2. It accounts for about 89 per cent of millets, 88 per cent of pulses, and 70 per cent of oilseeds production.
3. It is highly vulnerable to erratic monsoons, drought, and pest pressures.
4. Rainfed agriculture is irrigated agriculture using groundwater wells.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; rainfed agriculture depends SOLELY on rainfall, NOT on irrigation through wells.)

Q6. With reference to the institutional deployment strategy, consider the following statements:

1. ICAR-IIOR is seeking partnerships with State Seed Development Corporations for large-scale adoption.
2. Partnerships are being formed with Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs).
3. Private seed companies are also being engaged for wider dissemination.
4. The technology will be exclusively sold by ICAR with no private participation.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the deployment strategy explicitly includes private seed companies for wider dissemination.)

Answer Key

1. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the technology uses biodegradable biopolymers.
2. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the technology can be used for multiple crop categories.
3. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the coating is biodegradable.
4. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because ICAR-IIOR is in Hyderabad.
5. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because rainfed agriculture depends on rainfall, not wells.
6. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because private seed companies are involved.

Exam Relevance

NABARD Grade A

Very high importance, agriculture, rural innovation, seed systems

2. GeM Suvidha Kendras (GSKs)

Source: News on Air

Context

On 18 June 2026, the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), India’s National Public Procurement Portal under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoCI), signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Common Service Centre e-Governance Services India Limited (CSC-SPV) at the GeM Office in New Delhi. The MoU was signed by Shri Ajit B. Chavan (Additional Chief Executive Officer of GeM) and Shri Subodh Mishra (Senior Vice President of CSC-SPV). Under the partnership, 50 GeM Suvidha Kendras (GSKs) will be established on a pilot basis through the CSC network across Delhi-NCR, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, and West Bengal. The MoU expands an earlier 2022 collaboration that helped 5.3 lakh sellers complete registration and profile creation, now broadening the scope to cover Vendor Assessment, Brand Approval, and Product & Service Catalogue creation. The beneficiaries include MSEs, women entrepreneurs, SC/ST entrepreneurs, startups, SHGs, FPOs, artisans, weavers, local manufacturers, and other small businesses.

The MoU

• Date of signing: 18 June 2026.
• Venue: GeM Office, New Delhi.
• Signed by:
  • Shri Ajit B. Chavan (Additional CEO, GeM).
  • Shri Subodh Mishra (SVP, CSC-SPV).
• Type: Strategic partnership MoU.
• Context: Expansion of 2022 GeM-CSC partnership.

Key Highlights

50 GeM Suvidha Kendras (GSKs)

• Number: 50 to be established on pilot basis.
• Mode: Through the CSC network.
• States covered (Verified):
  1. Delhi-NCR.
  2. Maharashtra.
  3. Uttar Pradesh (UP).
  4. Gujarat.
  5. Tamil Nadu (TN).
  6. Kerala.
  7. Karnataka.
  8. Telangana.
  9. West Bengal (WB).

About GeM (Government e-Marketplace)

• Launched: 9 August 2016.
• Owned by: GeM SPV, a Section 8 company.
• Under: Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
• Purpose: Online procurement of goods and services by government departments, PSUs, autonomous bodies.
• CEO: Currently leadership under Ministry of Commerce.
• Major statistics (mid-2026 approximate):
  • GMV (Gross Merchandise Value): ₹10+ lakh crore cumulative.
  • Buyers: 75,000+ government organisations.
  • Sellers: 2.2 crore+.
  • Products and services: 12,000+ categories.

GeM’s Key Features

• Transparency: Open and visible procurement.
• Efficiency: Reduced procurement time and cost.
• Inclusivity: Special privileges for MSEs, women entrepreneurs, startups, SHGs.
• e-Bidding and reverse auctions.
• Direct purchase up to ₹50,000.
• Multiple modes: Direct purchase, bid, reverse auction.

GeM’s Inclusive Procurement Initiatives

• MSE Procurement: 25% of total procurement from MSEs (3% from SC/ST, 4% from women MSEs).
• Womaniya on GeM: Dedicated marketplace for women-led businesses.
• Startup Runway: Dedicated startup marketplace.
• Khadi: KVIC products.
• TRIBES India: Tribal products.

About Common Service Centres (CSCs)

What are CSCs?

• Access points for delivery of essential public utility services, social welfare schemes, healthcare, financial, education, agriculture services, etc.
• Located in: Villages, towns, semi-urban areas across India.
• Operated by: Village-Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs).

About CSC-SPV (CSC e-Governance Services India Limited)

• Established: 2009.
• Type: Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV).
• Section: Section 25 company (now Section 8) of Companies Act.
• Under: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Purpose: Implementation and management of the CSC scheme across India.
• Headquartered: New Delhi.

CSC Network Statistics (Approximate)

• Total CSCs: Over 5.5 lakh across India.
• States covered: All 28 states + UTs.
• Services offered: 400+ digital services.

Services Provided by CSCs

• Aadhaar services.
• PAN card application.
• Voter ID services.
• Passport application.
• Banking services (BC, micro-ATM).
• Insurance (PMJJBY, PMSBY).
• Pension (APY).
• Telemedicine.
• Educational services.
• Agricultural services.
• GeM seller onboarding.

About the Digital India Programme

• Launched: 1 July 2015.
• Vision: To transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
• Pillars:
  1. Digital infrastructure.
  2. Governance and services on demand.
  3. Digital empowerment of citizens.
• CSCs are a key delivery mechanism for Digital India services.

Practice MCQs

Q1. With reference to the GeM-CSC-SPV MoU (18 June 2026), consider the following statements:

1. The MoU was signed at the GeM Office in New Delhi on 18 June 2026.
2. It was signed by Ajit B. Chavan (Additional CEO, GeM) and Subodh Mishra (SVP, CSC-SPV).
3. Under the partnership, 50 GeM Suvidha Kendras (GSKs) will be established on a pilot basis.
4. The MoU was signed by the Reserve Bank of India.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the MoU was signed between GeM and CSC-SPV, NOT the RBI.)

Q2. With reference to the 50 GeM Suvidha Kendras (GSKs), consider the following statements:

1. They will be established across Delhi-NCR, Maharashtra, UP, Gujarat, TN, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, and West Bengal.
2. They will be established through the CSC network.
3. They will provide registration, training, and onboarding support to sellers.
4. They will benefit MSEs, women entrepreneurs, startups, SHGs, FPOs, artisans, and weavers.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q3. With reference to the expanded scope of the MoU, consider the following statements:

1. The new framework supports Vendor Assessment, Brand Approval, and Product & Service Catalogue creation.
2. It builds on the earlier 2022 GeM-CSC collaboration that helped 5.3 lakh sellers complete registration.
3. The aim is to help sellers become active on the GeM platform.
4. The MoU is limited to seller registration only, with no support for catalogue creation.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; the new MoU includes catalogue creation, NOT limited to registration only.)

Q4. With reference to the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), consider the following statements:

1. GeM was launched on 9 August 2016 under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
2. It is owned by GeM SPV, a Section 8 company.
3. It is India’s National Public Procurement Portal.
4. GeM is operated by the Ministry of Defence.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

(Statement 4 is wrong; GeM is under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, NOT the Ministry of Defence.)

Q5. With reference to Common Service Centres (CSCs) and CSC-SPV, consider the following statements:

1. CSCs are physical access points for delivery of digital services in villages and semi-urban areas.
2. CSC-SPV was established in 2009 under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
3. CSCs are operated by Village-Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs).
4. There are about 5.5 lakh CSCs across India.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Q6. With reference to Public Procurement Policy for MSEs, consider the following statements:

1. Central Ministries, Departments, and CPSUs must procure at least 25 per cent of their total annual purchases from MSEs.
2. Within the 25 per cent, 4 per cent is reserved for SC/ST entrepreneurs.
3. Within the 25 per cent, 3 per cent is reserved for women entrepreneurs.
4. The Public Procurement Policy was first introduced in 2012 and revised in 2018.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four (e) None

Answer Key

1. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the MoU was between GeM and CSC-SPV.
2. (d), All four statements are correct.
3. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because the MoU includes catalogue creation.
4. (c), Statements 1, 2, 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong because GeM is under Ministry of Commerce.
5. (d), All four statements are correct.
6. (d), All four statements are correct.

Exam Relevance

NABARD Grade A

Very high importance, MSME, rural commerce, financial inclusion

Facts To Remember

1. MHA Launches Two Portals to Strengthen Cybercrime Response

The Ministry of Home Affairs through the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre launched two new portals—Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) and Money Restoration Module (MRM)—to improve cybercrime response and ensure quicker justice for victims. These portals enhance coordination among police, banks, and the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal.

2. 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting Adopts Indore Declaration

The 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting concluded with the adoption of the Indore Declaration, aimed at strengthening agricultural cooperation among BRICS nations. The declaration focuses on food security, climate-resilient agriculture, digital farming, and innovation-driven agricultural development.

3. GoI Constitutes Search-cum-Selection Committee for NSB

The Government of India formed a Search-cum-Selection Committee under T. V. Somanathan to recommend candidates for the chairperson and members of the National Sports Board (NSB). The board will oversee governance, ethics, and recognition of national sports bodies.

4. GeM and CSC-SPV Sign MoU to Expand Procurement Access

Government e-Marketplace signed an MoU with CSC e-Governance Services India Limited to improve procurement access in rural and underserved regions. Under the initiative, 50 GeM Suvidha Kendras (GSKs) will be established to support seller onboarding and training.

5. Smart Warehousing System Launched for Real-Time Monitoring

Union Minister Pralhad Joshi launched an AI and IoT-enabled Smart Warehousing System for foodgrain storage. The system improves inventory monitoring, transparency, operational efficiency, and hazard detection in warehouses.

6. PM Narendra Modi Visits Slovakia

Narendra Modi visited Slovakia in June 2026 to strengthen bilateral relations. During the visit, he received Slovakia’s highest civilian honour, and both countries elevated ties to a Comprehensive Partnership.

7. WEF Energy Transition Index 2026 Released

The World Economic Forum released the Energy Transition Index 2026, ranking Sweden first globally. India improved to 70th position, reflecting progress in clean energy transition.

8. ADB Funds Digital Education Infrastructure in India

The Asian Development Bank partnered with Schoolnet India Limited with a USD 10 million package to expand digital learning infrastructure. The project will support digital classrooms, computer labs, and teacher training in government schools.

9. BITS Pilani and Axis Bank to Build ₹100 Crore Innovation Park

Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani and Axis Bank signed an agreement to establish a ₹100 crore innovation park in Hyderabad. The facility will support deep-tech, healthcare, biotech, and startup innovation.

10. RBI Extends Keki Mistry’s Tenure as HDFC Bank Chairman

The Reserve Bank of India extended the tenure of Keki Mistry as Interim Chairman of HDFC Bank until September 2026.

11. Saibal Chattopadhyay Appointed NSC Chairperson

The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet approved the appointment of Saibal Chattopadhyay as Chairperson of the National Statistical Commission. The commission ensures quality, transparency, and coordination in India’s statistical system.

12. Bimal N. Patel Elected ITLOS Judge

Indian jurist Bimal N. Patel was elected judge of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for the 2026–2035 term, representing India in global maritime legal affairs.

13. Indian Coast Guard Inducts First Indigenous Hovercraft

The Indian Coast Guard inducted H-561, its first indigenous Air Cushion Vehicle (hovercraft), in Goa. The vehicle enhances coastal surveillance, search-and-rescue, and maritime security.

14. KSSL Unveils Simha 4×4 Armoured Vehicle

Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited unveiled the Simha 4×4 Light Armoured Multi-Purpose Vehicle at Eurosatory 2026. The vehicle is designed for reconnaissance, border security, and urban warfare missions.

15. New Lynx Spider Species Discovered in Meghalaya

Scientists from the Zoological Survey of India discovered a new lynx spider species, Hamataliwa mawlyngot, in Meghalaya. The species contributes to biodiversity and natural pest control.

16. World Autistic Pride Day 2026 Observed

World Autistic Pride Day was observed on 18 June with the theme “Acceptance, Inclusion, and Autistic Identity.” The day promotes awareness, inclusion, and neurodiversity.

17. International Picnic Day 2026 Observed

International Picnic Day was observed on 18 June to celebrate outdoor social gatherings and encourage bonding with nature, family, and community.

Here are the remaining news items in the same ideal format (starting from 18):

18. India Becomes FATF Vice-President for the First Time

India assumed the Vice-Presidency of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) for the first time, marking a major milestone in global financial governance. Vivek Aggarwal was appointed as FATF Vice-President for the July 2026–June 2027 term, strengthening India’s role in combating money laundering and terror financing.

19. India Launches First Digital Space Industry Repository

India launched its first digital space-sector capabilities repository, the Indian Space Industry E-Catalogue, during the Indian Space Congress 2026. The platform connects over 200 verified space and defence companies to promote collaboration and business development in the Indian space ecosystem.

20. Osmania University Achieves Four ISO Certifications

Osmania University became India’s first university to receive four ISO certifications simultaneously. The achievement reflects excellence in educational management, environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, and food safety standards.

21. KSSL and AM General Partner for Mounted Artillery Systems

Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited partnered with AM General to jointly develop next-generation mounted artillery gun systems. The partnership aims to strengthen mobile firepower solutions for global defence markets.

22. IITM and ARIES Sign MoU for Himalayan Climate Observation Station

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences signed an MoU to establish a long-term climate observation station in the Himalayan region under the Bharat Climate Observation Network.

23. 52nd G7 Summit Held in France

The 52nd G7 Summit was held in France under the theme “Working Together to Address Major International Challenges.” Leaders discussed energy security, geopolitical conflicts, critical minerals, and global economic stability.

24. BSE Launches India’s First Saatvik Index

Bombay Stock Exchange launched BSE Saatvik 100, India’s first Saatvik index, promoting ethical and value-based investing. The index offers investors a benchmark aligned with Saatvik principles.

25. IRDAI Forms AI Working Group for Insurance Sector

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India constituted a working group on AI under Sandeep K. Shukla to guide responsible AI adoption in insurance, including fraud detection and claims management.

26. Federal Bank Launches FCNR Max Deposit Scheme

Federal Bank launched the FCNR Max Deposit Scheme, offering up to 6.25% annual interest on USD deposits for NRIs, aimed at boosting foreign currency inflows into India.

27. Jainendra K. Jain Wins Wolf Prize in Physics

Jainendra K. Jain became the first person of Indian origin to receive the prestigious Wolf Prize in Physics for his pioneering work on Composite Fermions and the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect.

28. CPCL Becomes India’s 28th Navratna Company

Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited was upgraded to Navratna CPSE status, becoming India’s 28th Navratna company. This status grants greater financial autonomy for strategic investments.

29. Rajendra Kumar Saboo Gets Additional Charge as UCO Bank MD & CEO

Rajendra Kumar Saboo was given additional charge as Managing Director and CEO of UCO Bank until a regular appointment is made.

30. Neeraj Chopra Finishes 4th at Doha Diamond League

Neeraj Chopra finished fourth in the men’s javelin event at the Doha Diamond League 2026 with a best throw of 85.69 metres.

31. International Day for Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict Observed

The UN observed this day on 19 June 2026 with the theme “Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Against Children: Safeguarding Futures and Empowering Caregivers.” It promotes awareness and justice for survivors of conflict-related sexual violence.

32. World Sickle Cell Day 2026 Observed

World Sickle Cell Day was observed on 19 June with the theme “Closing the Survival Gap: Equity in Sickle Cell Disease.” The day emphasizes early diagnosis, treatment access, and public awareness.

33. National Reading Day 2026 Observed

India observed National Reading Day on 19 June to honor P. N. Panicker and promote reading habits, literacy, and knowledge-sharing across the country.

34. Maharashtra Partners with Google for AI Teacher Training

Maharashtra partnered with Google to train over 4 lakh teachers in AI and digital skills, supporting technology-enabled education under NEP 2020.